the aid library

WHO Ebola R&D Effort – vaccines, therapies, diagnostics

World Health Organization (2015)

Ebola: Clinical management of Ebola virus disease
recommended

World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) C_WHO

This comprehensive intermediate level course is for clinicians caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus disease (EVD). Modules provide information on screening and triage, infection prevention and control, laboratory ... more

Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ... is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

Predicting Ebola infection: A malaria-sensitive triage score for Ebola virus disease

Mary-Anne Hartley, Alyssa Young, Anh-Minh Tran et al. (2017) C1

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(2): e0005356 -Published: February 23, 2017 21 pp

Selection and use of Ebola in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays. Emergency guidance

World Health Organization (2015)

Symptom- and Laboratory-Based Ebola Risk Scores to Differentiate Likely Ebola Infections

S. Oza, A.A. Sesay, N.J. Russel, et al. (2017) C_CDC

Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 23, No. 11, November 2017

Ebola research and development landscape of clinical candidates and trials

World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) C_WHO

The report presents current information (updated to September 2015) on candidate vaccines, therapies and medical devices for Ebola and gives an overview of completed and on-going trials.

Infection control guidelines for managemente of suspected or confirmed Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)

Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia (2014)

The Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia has developed the guidelines to meet the urgent need for up -to-date information and evidence-based recommendations

Never again. Building resilient health systems and learning from the Ebola crisis

Oxfam (2015)

Oxfam Briefing Paper

Ebola Outbreak Taking Action From Response To Recovery

World Health Organization (2015)

The Ebola outbreak in West Africa is not over. WHO continues to work with governments and the international health community to get to zero cases and help countries stay there.

Building the legacy of Ebola: Survivors, health systems, and a blueprint for research and development

World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

This report describes the work done by WHO from January 2015 up to the end of December 2016 to address the long-term issues of survivor care, health-systems strengthening and research.

Introduction à la maladie d’Ebola: Contrôle des risques infectieux
recommended

Formenty, Pierre Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) (2018) C_WHO

Introduction to Ebola disease: Managing infectious hazards
recommended

Formenty, Pierre World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) C_WHO

Cote d'Ivoire starts Ebola vaccination of frontline workers

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

17 August 2021

Regional Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan for Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Version 01, September 2025

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO

On 4 September 2025, the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) declared an outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Kasai Province, following confirmation of Zaire ebolavirus by the National Institute of Biomedical Researc ... more

Ebola 101 - CDC Slides for US Healthcare Workers

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2014)

Presentation is current through November 21, 2014 and will be updated every Friday by 5pm. For the most up-to-date information, please visit www.cdc.gov/ebola. *Presentation contains materials from CDC, MSF, and WHO

Ebola Virus Disease: Travel and transport risk assessment: Recommendations for public health authorities and transport sector

World Health Organization (2014)

Ebola Outbreak: Updated Overview of Needs and Requirements for January-June 2015

World Health Organization, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (2015)

Ebola outbreak in rural West Africa: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes

Silvia Dallatomasina, et al. (2015)

Trop Med Int Health. 2015 Apr; 20(4): 448–454. Open Access