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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Tuberculosis advocacy communication & social mobilization

S. Sengupta, W. Nkhoma, O. Walker, et al. World Health Organization (2017) C_WHO

This paper looks at the status of tuberculosis (TB) advocacy communication and social mobilization (ACSM) activities in selected national TB control programmes in the WHO African Region. The findings are from an assessment of TB ACSM activities in Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi and South Africa. ... more

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Guidance on temporary malaria control measures in Ebola-affected countries

World Health Organization (2014)

Malaria is a prevalent cause of febrile illnesses in areas with high transmission, and its clinical presentation overlaps with initial signs of Ebola disease. For this reason, the effectiveness of the Ebola response in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone can be optimized through the deployment of targe... more

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Ebola virus disease preparedness strengthening team Ghana country visit 10–15 Novmeber 2014

World Health Organization (2014)

The preparedness strengthening team deployed to Ghana focused on specific objectives in order to assist the country in becoming as operationally prepared as possible to detect, investigate and report potential EVD cases effectively and safely and to mount an effective response to prevent a larger o... more

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Antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region: current status and roadmap for action

Essack S.Y., A.T. Desta, R.E. Abotsi et al. Journal of Public Health (2016) C2

The escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pandemic is a global public health threat with extensive health, economic and societal implications. Resistance emerges because of selection pressure from rational and indiscriminate antimicrobial use in human health as well as in the veterinary, agricul... more

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The Gambia - Effective and humane mental health treatment and care for all

Mental Health Improvements for Nations Development (MIND); Department of Mental Health & Substance Abuse World Health Organization (2019) C_WHO

Republic of The Gambia; Accessed on 31.01.2019

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Health Preparedness For El Niño Event 2015-2016

World Health Organization (2015) C_WHO

Global Situation Assessment of El Niño-related Health Risks

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Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants: recommendations for a public health approach

World Health Organization (2010) C_WHO

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WHO Profile on mental health in development (WHO proMIND): Sierra Leone

World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse (2012) C_WHO

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Consolidated strategic information guidelines for HIV in the health sector

World Health Organization (2020) C_WHO

These guidelines – an update to the World Health Organization’s 2015 publication Consolidated strategic information guidelines – present a set of essential aggregate indicators and guidance on choosing, collecting and systematically analysing strategic information to manage and monitor the nat... more

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Mental health, disability and human rights: WHO QualityRights core training - for all services and all people: course guide

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Les modules de formation et d’orientation QualityRights ont été élaborés pour renforcer les connaissances, les compétences et la compréhension des principales parties prenantes sur la manière de promouvoir les droits des personnes en situation de handicap psychosocial, intellectuel ou cogni... more

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Person-centred recovery planning for mental health and well-being: self-help tool: WHO QualityRights

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

Ensuring mental health and well-being has become a worldwide imperative and an important target of the Sustainable Development Goals. But in all countries around the world, our response has been woefully insufficient, and we have made little progress to advance mental health as a fundamental human ... more

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Advocacy for mental health, disability and human rights: WHO QualityRights guidance module

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

The QualityRights training and orientation modules have been developed to enhance the knowledge, skills and understanding of key stakeholders on how to promote the rights of people with psychosocial, intellectual or cognitive disabilities, improve the quality of services and support provided in the ... more

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Advocacy actions to promote human rights in mental health and related areas WHO QualityRights training to act, unite and empower for mental health. Pilot version
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2017)

WHO QualityRights is an initiative which aims to improve the quality of care in mental health and related services and to promote the human rights of people with psychosocial, intellectual and cognitive disabilities, throughout the world.

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Providing individualized peer support in mental health and related areas WHO QualityRights training to act, unite and empower for mental health (P I L O T V E R S I O N)

World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

This document has been developed to support countries develop and strengthen individualized peer support services in mental health and related areas. It addresses the provision of individualized peer support in the context of health services and the wider community.