Filter
1894
Filtered Results: 1894
Text search:
12-Pillar
Featured
Recommendations
169
New Publications
541
Language
Document type
No document type
941
Studies & Reports
365
Guidelines
242
Strategic & Response Plan
152
Manuals
113
Situation Updates
29
Fact sheets
25
Training Material
20
Resource Platforms
4
Brochures
2
Infographics
1
Countries / Regions
Global
79
Kenya
75
Sierra Leone
58
Latin America and the Carribbean
54
India
54
South Africa
53
Liberia
50
Congo, Democratic Republic of
42
Ethiopia
40
Uganda
33
Rwanda
29
Syria
28
Nigeria
28
Argentina
28
Africa
27
Guinea
26
Zambia
26
Paraguay
25
Central African Republic
24
Colombia
23
Myanmar / Burma
23
Western and Central Europe
21
Bangladesh
21
Brazil
20
Mozambique
19
Indonesia
18
Nepal
17
Malawi
17
South Sudan
15
Philippines
14
Asia
13
South–East Asia Region
12
Bolivia
12
Ukraine
11
Ghana
11
Haiti
11
Venezuela
11
East and Southern Africa
11
Peru
10
West and Central Africa
10
Ecuador
10
Senegal
9
Tanzania
9
Eastern Europe
9
Lesotho
8
Chile
8
Zimbabwe
8
Moldova
8
Yemen
7
Madagascar
7
Cameroon
6
Laos
6
Burkina Faso
6
Cambodia
6
Germany
6
Russia
6
Timor Leste/ East Timor
5
Thailand
5
Albania
5
Guinea-Bissau
5
Middle East and North Africa
5
Lebanon
5
Botswana
5
El Salvador
4
Benin
4
Burundi
4
Vietnam
4
Mali
4
Angola
4
Chad
4
Eswatini/ Swaziland
4
Pakistan
4
Turkey
3
China
3
Afghanistan
3
Jordan
3
Western Pacific Region
3
Mauritius
3
Côte d’Ivoire / Ivory Coast
3
Namibia
3
Bhutan
3
Togo
2
Niger
2
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
2
Uruguay
2
Turkmenistan
2
Spain
2
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2
Southern Africa
2
Papua New Guinea
2
Sri Lanka
2
Palestine
2
Honduras
2
Libya
2
Somalia
2
Guatemala
2
North Macedonia
1
Tajikistan
1
North Korea
1
Switzerland
1
Mexico
1
Serbia
1
Gambia
1
Kazakhstan
1
Iran
1
Uzbekistan
1
Bulgaria
1
Mauritania
1
Hungary
1
North America
1
Japan
1
Portugal
1
Latvia
1
Egypt
1
Romania
1
Slovakia
1
Georgia
1
Poland
1
Iraq
1
Authors & Publishers
Publication Years
Category
Policies
200
Studies & Reports
196
Guidelines
122
COVID-19
117
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
104
Humanitarian Crisis
75
Women & Child Health
69
Community Health
46
Statistics
46
Capacity Building
43
Drugs & Medical Equipment
29
Protection & Security
28
Humanitarian Aid
25
Disease Prevention & Control
19
Disaster Preparedness
18
Disabilities
17
General Guidelines
17
Non-communicable Diseases
17
Reproductive Health
17
Child protection
16
Food Security & Nutrition
15
Demograhic Health Surveys DHS
14
HIV & STI
14
Countries
13
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
13
TB
13
Other
12
Maternal Health
11
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
10
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
10
Health Systems
10
Malaria
10
Maternal & Child Health
9
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
9
Key Resources
9
Communicable Diseases
8
Sexual Violence
8
Mental Health
8
Women & Child Health
8
Surgery & Anaesthesia
7
Under-5 nutrition
6
Child Health
6
Community Health
6
Cardiovascular Diseases
6
Palliative Care
6
NTDs & Others
6
Family Planning
5
Diabetes
5
Vector Control
5
Breast Cancer
5
Public Health
5
Pediatrics
5
Health System Strengthening
5
NCD
5
WASH
5
Needs Assessment
5
Paediatrics
4
Hand Hygiene
4
Bacteriology
4
Cancer
4
Monitoring & Evaluation
4
Palliative Care
4
Cervical Cancer
4
Medical Devices & Equipment
4
Quality Control & Assurance
4
Communicable Diseases
4
Global Health
4
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
3
Menstrual Hygiene Management
3
Clinical Guidelines
3
Leprosy
3
Primary Health Care
3
Water
3
Hygiene Promotion
3
Digital Health
2
Hepatitis
2
Yaws
2
Pediatric cancer
2
MPOX - Monkeypox
2
Virology
2
Snakebites
2
Humanitarian Aid
2
Hemorrhagic Fever
2
Immunization
2
Female Genital Mutilation
2
Age & Elderly
2
Neonatal Care
2
Zika
1
Dental & Eye Care
1
Rabies
1
Public Health
1
Helminthiasis
1
Sanitation
1
Gender
1
Neurology & Psychology
1
Dermatology
1
Lymphaticfilariasis
1
Capacity Building
1
General Guidelines
1
Other Cancer diseases
1
Disabilities
1
Water & Sanitation
1
Emergency Care
1
COVID-19
1
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
1
Violence against Children
1
Training Manuals
1
Yellow Fever
1
Leprosy
1
COPD/Asthma
1
Fecal Disposal / Latrines
1
Nutrition
1
Leishmaniasis
1
Disabilities & Inclusion
1
Laboratory Quality Assurance
1
Toolboxes
Country specific documents
83
Assessment & Studies
42
Roadmaps, Action Plans & Policies
27
Prevention & Control
26
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
26
Reports & Studies
22
Infection Control General
20
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
19
TB & Other Vulnerable Populations
18
Public Health
16
International
16
Assessment & Response
16
Policies
15
Prevention & Preparedness
15
Policies & Programmes
14
Human Rights
14
Appeals and Response Plans
14
Detection & Diagnosis
14
Preparedness & Prevention
14
Surveillance
13
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
13
TB/HIV Coinfection
13
General Reports
12
Children & Adolescents
11
Reports
11
General Information & Methodology
11
AmR (Region of Americas)
11
HIV in Key Populations
11
Social Mobilisation
10
Child Protection
10
Access & Strategy
10
Self-harm & Suicide
10
Eastern Europe and central Asia
10
Country specific
9
General Studies & Reports
9
Clinical Guidelines
9
Universal Health Coverage UHC and 90-90-90 Strategy
9
Strategies & Roadmaps
9
Situation Reports & Updates
9
HIV testing & services
8
Ebola Prevention & Control
8
Policies & Strategies
8
General
8
Fair Allocation & Ethical Aspects
8
TB & Prisoners
8
Research & Access
8
ART Drug Resistance
7
Children with Disabilities
7
Assessment & Response
7
Children with disabilities
7
Communication & Training
7
HIV
7
Educational Settings
7
Colombia
7
Reports
7
General documents One Health
7
General Information
7
Health Financing Toolbox
7
Prevention & Strategies
7
Women
7
others
7
Protection
7
Disease Prevention & Control
7
Reports & Studies Children HIV
7
Universal Health Coverage & Primary Health Care
7
Outbreak Prevention & Control
6
Gynaecology / Obstetrics
6
Policies & Strategies
6
Intellectual Disability
6
Plague Situation Reports
6
IPC
6
Substance Use Disorders, Others
6
Shelter & Reconstruction
6
Global
6
Vaxzevria (Astra Zeneca)
6
Community Health Workers CHW
6
Agriculture
6
Agriculture incl. animal husbandry
6
Argentina
6
General
6
Asia and Pacific
6
Assessment & Response
6
Situation Reports & Updates
6
Community-based Mental Health Care
6
SEAR (South-east Asia Region)
6
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
5
Key Resources
5
Adults
5
Latin America
5
Health & Refugee
5
Climate & Health
5
Situation Reports & Updates
5
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
5
For Parents & Children
5
Gender Aspects
5
Tips & Best Practice Examples
5
Immunization Guidelines
5
Advocacy & Communication
5
Peru
5
Overview & reports
5
Essential Medicines & Devices Lists
5
Strategies
5
Situation Reports & Updates
5
WASH Water Sanitation & Hygiene
5
Overview, Studies & Reports
5
Education
5
Autism
5
General
5
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
5
Assessment & Response
5
Best Practice Examples
5
WASH
5
Antiretroviral Treatment ART
5
Eastern Europe & Central Asia
5
Studies & Reports
5
Eastern and Southern Africa
5
Meningitis Prevention & Control
4
Childhood TB
4
TB & Drug Abuse
4
Children
4
Eastern Europe
4
Others
4
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
4
Studies & Reports
4
Laboratory
4
General
4
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
4
Diagnostics & Laboratory Guidance
4
Surveillance & Contact tracing
4
Covid-19 & the One Health Approach
4
For General Public & Community
4
For Health Worker
4
Paediatrics
4
MHPSS – Psychosocial Support
4
RCCE Guides & Manuals
4
Communication Material
4
Logistics & Supply
4
COVAX Initiative
4
Hygiene
4
Health Promotion
4
Studies & Reports
4
Palliative Care
4
Brazil
4
Other Countries
4
Planetary Health
4
Guidelines & Manuals
4
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
4
Studies & Reports
4
Children's Rights
4
Policies and guidelines
4
Travel Medicine
4
Clinical Guidelines
4
Infection Control
4
Lobby and Advocacy
4
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
3
Laboratory Guidance
3
Faith-based Organizations
3
Communication & Training
3
Europe
3
Treatment & Prevention
3
Clinical Aspects
3
Influenza Prevention & Control
3
Mental Health
3
Prevention Guidelines
3
Inclusion
3
Treatment Guidelines HIV
3
Laboratory
3
Drug resistance
3
Africa
3
Men who have sex with men (MSM)
3
El Niño
3
Training Supporting Material mhGAP
3
Mental Health Studies & Reports
3
Manuals
3
Key Resources
3
Context & Facts
3
Situation Reports & Updates
3
Supporting tools
3
Studies
3
Context & Facts, Travel Advice
3
Country Specific
3
Human Rights
3
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
3
Children & Mental Health
3
Essential Medicines & Medical Devices
3
Handbooks & Manuals
3
Climate Change General
3
Urban health
3
Essential Medicines
3
HIV &TB
3
Pediatrics
3
Guiding documents and principles
3
Climate Change
3
Ethics
3
Health Impact & Climate Change
3
Vector control
3
Earthquake in Türkiye and the Syrian Arab Republic
3
Global Overview
3
General
3
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP), Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
3
Conflict
3
Neurological Disorders
3
Disaster Preparedness & Prevention
3
Uganda
3
Latin America & the Carribean
3
International
3
Assessment
3
HIV service delivery
3
Western & Central Europe
3
South-east Asia Region
3
War, Conflict Areas & Refugees
3
Paediatrics
3
Meningitis & Encephalitis
3
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
3
Africa
2
War & Conflict
2
Disability Rights & Convention
2
Public Health
2
Alcohol
2
Natural Disaster
2
Violence & Child Trafficking
2
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
2
Male Circumcision
2
Local Action
2
Accessibility
2
Agriculture & Veterinary
2
Posttraumatic stress disorder Adults
2
Surveillance
2
Background PTSD in children
2
Inclusion
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Violence & Protection
2
Studies & Reports
2
Explosives
2
Natural Disasters
2
Diagnosis & Treatment PTSD in Children
2
Opportunistic Infections
2
WPRO (Western Pacific Region)
2
Plague
2
Human Rights, Stigma & Discrimination
2
Humanitarian Crisis
2
Concepts of Global Health
2
Curricula & Core Competencies
2
Stigma & Discrimination
2
TB
2
Training
2
People who injecting Drugs
2
Ebola & Marburg
2
Standard Precautions
2
Children
2
Syria
2
Microcephaly
2
GO pre-deployment training
2
Mental Health Guidelines
2
Epilepsy
2
Sexual Abuse
2
Stress
2
Sustainable Development Goals
2
Sex Worker
2
Ethiopia
2
Treatment Guidelines
2
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
2
For Older People
2
Protection of Vulnerable Groups
2
Guidelines
2
Food and Nutrition
2
Social Ethics
2
Child Protection
2
HIV and COVID-19
2
Encyclical Letters
2
Medical & Community Masks
2
General
2
Mental Health
2
COVID-19 Vaccination
2
TB/HIV
2
Moderna
2
Biontech/Pfizer Comirnaty
2
Others
2
Primary Care
2
Nurses
2
El Salvador
2
Resources Kreyol Earthquake Haiti
2
Booster Doses
2
Biodiversity shift
2
Advocacy
2
Mobility
2
Pharmacy Management
2
Supply Chain & Store Management
2
Women & Maternal Health
2
Biogeochemical flows
2
Disaster, Migration and Conflict
2
Pharmacovigilance
2
Health Care Systems
2
Public Health
2
Zoonoses
2
Infectious Diseases
2
Others
2
MPOX - Monkeypox
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Studies & Reports
2
Studies & Reports
2
Prevention & Control
2
NTDs General
2
Studies & Reports
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
2
Studies & Reports
2
Statistics & Facts
2
Language Teaching
2
Asia
2
War Surgery & Wound Care
2
Drug resistant TB
2
Policies & Strategies
2
Malnutrition
2
One Health
2
Policy
2
Prophylactic Treatment
2
For Community Health Workers
2
Training
2
Understanding Global Health
2
Stewardship
2
Testing Guidelines
2
Tobacco
2
MHPSS Guidelines
2
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
2
Psychosocial Support
2
Preparedness & Prevention
2
Safe Burials
2
Action Plans, Policies & Response
2
Social Determinants of Health
2
Food & Nutrition
2
Communication & Training
2
Best Practice Models
1
Demographic Transition
1
Behaviour Change/Life Skill Education
1
Biosafety
1
HIV in Children and mental health
1
Advocacy
1
Global Mental Health
1
Inclusion in Humanitarian Settings
1
Moldova
1
Training
1
Azerbaijan
1
Vaccines & Immunization
1
Yellow Fever Prevention & Control
1
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
1
HIV surveillance
1
Epidemiology & Sitreps
1
Physical Disability
1
International
1
South Africa
1
Introduction to Global Health
1
WASH
1
Training Manuals
1
South Sudan
1
Influenza
1
Context, Facts & Travel Advice
1
Germany
1
High Risk Groups
1
Platforms and initiatives
1
Latin America
1
Public Health
1
Hepatitis
1
National Policies
1
Orphans & vulnerable children
1
Diabetes
1
Strategies & Action Plans
1
IEC Materials
1
Prevention & Control
1
Tools for Rational use
1
Cholera Prevention & Control
1
Rwanda
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
Prophylaxis
1
Research
1
Vaccination
1
Adherence
1
Technical Information
1
Maps
1
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
1
Ebola
1
Discrimination & Stigma
1
Health Equity & Equality
1
Drug resistance
1
Country Guidelines
1
Information for different audiences
1
Women's Mental Health
1
Manual & Leaflet
1
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
1
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
1
Medical professionals
1
Russia
1
Communication & Training
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Research & Development
1
Livestock production
1
Public Health
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
1
Covid-19 & Climate Change
1
Faith-based Organizations
1
For Migrants & Refugees
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Camps and Camp-like Settings
1
Country-specific Platforms
1
Workplace
1
Physical Distancing
1
Children
1
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS)
1
COVID-19
1
Pastoral Care
1
Oxygen Therapy
1
Situation Reports COVID-19
1
Community Health
1
Vaccination & Strategy
1
Children & Mental Health
1
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)
1
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
1
Dashboards & Resource Platforms
1
Genomic sequencing
1
TB/COVID-19
1
Vaccine Hesitancy & Myths
1
Long COVID/ Post-COVID Syndrome
1
Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines
1
Sanitation
1
Others
1
Others
1
Internet Resources
1
Self-care
1
Extreme Situations
1
Others
1
Midwives
1
Overview
1
Guidelines General
1
Wound management
1
Food & Nutrition
1
Green & healthy living
1
Clean air
1
Prices and Patents
1
Model Formulary
1
Pharmacy Practice
1
Rational use of Medicine
1
Traditional & Herbal Medicines
1
Cancer
1
Surgery
1
Freshwater use
1
One Health
1
Humanitarian Crisis
1
General Guidelines for Rational Use
1
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
1
Waste Managment
1
Capacity Building
1
Ukraine
1
Environment
1
Health Consequences
1
Health Care In Conflict Settings
1
Humanitarian Aid Guidelines
1
MPOX - Monkeypox
1
Best Practice Examples
1
MPOX -Monkeybox Prevention & Control
1
Leishmaniasis
1
Studies & Reports
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Information & Education Material (IEC)
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Policies & Strategies
1
Snakebite envenoming
1
Yaws & other Endemic Treponematoses
1
Prevention & Control
1
Access to treatment and laboratory
1
Health Worker
1
Awareness
1
General Information & Methodology
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Prevention & Strategies
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Risk Factors
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
1
Diagnosis
1
Training Material
1
General
1
Co-Morbidities (except TB)
1
Liberia
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Contact Tracing
1
Zika
1
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
1
General Aspects
1
Regional Reports & Guidelines, others
1
Malawi
1
TB/HIV Global
1
Asia
1
Global Health Education
1
AR (African Region)
1
Education of students & professionals
1
Albania
1
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
1
Poster
1
IEC Materials Children
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Health Care Systems
1
Situation Reports
1
HIV and coinfection
1
Public Health Administration
1
IEC
1
Health Policy & the Global Health Landscape
1
Nigeria
1
Zika Prevention & Control
1
Others
1
Global Health Institutions and Stakeholders
1
Epidemiology
1
Stigma
1
Overview & Statistics
1
Other Resources
1
WASH
1
Communication Tools
1
TB
1
Marburg Virus Situation Reports
1
Refugees & Migrants
1
Planetary Health
1
Epidemiology
1
Global Health Financing
1
Chikungunya
1
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors
1
Depression
1
Case Definitions
1
Capacity Building
1
Kenya
1
Prisoners
1
Key Resources
1
Germany
1
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
1
Capacity Building
1
Neurological disorders, Others
1
Plague Prevention & Control
1
Cyclones Idai & Kenneth
1
The report provides a global knowledge base on suicide and suicide attempts as well as actionable steps for countries based on their current resources and context to move forward in suicide prevention.
Accessed on 04.04.2023
The Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) is an international
non-profit organization that discovers, develops, and delivers safe,
effective, and affordable treatments for the most neglected patients
The NDMS&IP focuses on mainstreaming disability to promote equitable access to services in the six thematic areas of health, education, livelihoods, empowerment, and social inclusion and cross-cutting issues.
The first part of the NDMS&IP outlines incongruences between national and sectoral policie...
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines, medicines, tools and technologies have long been available to prevent people from dying of dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over 40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas of economically dis...
The Antimicrobial Resistance Benchmark has evaluated for the second time how the most important players in the antibiotic market are addressing the rise of resistance and the global need for appropriate access to antibiotics. Although we can see progress — it’s hanging by a thread.
We have reac...
The conditionality of this recommendation is largely driven by the current higher unit cost of pyrethroid-PBO ITNs compared
to pyrethroid-only LLINs and therefore the uncertainty of their cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, as PBO is less wash-resistant
than pyrethroids, its bioavailability declines ...
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines, medicines, tools and technologies have long
been available to prevent people from dying of dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still
kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over 40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas
of economically ...
Regional implementation framework for elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem: 2021–2030
recommended
Cervical cancer continues to be a significant public health problem and a major cause of premature mortality among women, disproportionately affecting the socioeconomically disadvantaged population in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In the absence of implementing the known evidence-based, ...
This project aimed to reduce the risk of vector-borne infection with Chagas disease by
controlling triatomine bugs, the vectors transmitting the parasite of Chagas disease, and
establishing an epidemiological surveillance system with community participation.
In the early morning of 6 February 2023, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck southern Türkiye near the northern
border of Syria. The earthquake was followed 11 minutes later by a magnitude 6.7 aftershock. Many aftershocks
continue to be felt across the region. Whilst the impact is still being ass...
This sourcebook aims to detail why health needs to be part of urban and territorial planning and how to make this happen. It brings together two vital elements we need to build habitable cities on a habitable planet: 1) Processes to guide the development of human settlements – in this document ref...
Notable progress has also been made on other key health indicators such as reducing maternal, infant and child deaths and malnutrition, increasing immunization coverage, eliminating infectious diseases such as polio and reducing the incidence of malaria, tuberculosis and diarrhoeal diseases.
But ...
(African Development Bank policy research document 1)
The report examines financing in the battle against malaria, focusing on the role of foreign aid. It analyzes whether or not a disease such as malaria can be controlled or eliminated in Africa without health aid. It also presents a theoretic...
The report examines financing in the battle against malaria, focusing on the role of foreign aid. It analyzes whether or not a disease such as malaria can be controlled or eliminated in Africa without health aid. It also presents a theoretic...
WHO needs US$2.54 billion to provide life-saving assistance to millions of people around the world facing health emergencies. WHO’s Health Emergency Appeal is a consolidation of WHO’s priorities and financial requirements for 2023 to carry out health interventions in emergency and humanitarian r...
The sixteenth meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases (STAG-NTD) was held as a hybrid meeting, 27–28 September 2022.
Dr Ren Minghui, Assistant Director-General, Universal Health Coverage/Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases, welcomed participan...
Trachoma causes more vision loss and blindness than any other infection in the world. This disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. Other variants or strains of these bacteria can cause a sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia) and disease in lymph nodes.
This is photomicrograph ...
This new guidance aims to support programme implementers, coordinators and others in humanitarian settings in their actions to counter suicide and self-harm in humanitarian contexts and to save lives.
This Mpox SPRP Global Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) Framework, also referred to as the Framework, aims to monitor and report on global progress towards these objectives, including information about country-level response efforts and WHO support to Member States. Regular collection and analysis of da...
An estimated 1.3 billion people – or 16% of global population worldwide – experience a significant disability today. Persons with disabilities have the right to the highest attainable standard of health as those without disabilities. However, the WHO Global report on health equity for persons w...
This report assesses the impact of the conflict in Ukraine and its implications for organized crime and security-related issues for neighbouring countries, with a focus on Moldova.
These include:
Organized crime and illicit trafficking (including trafficking in persons, drugs, arms, illicit toba...
