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Screening for cardiovascular disease risk and subsequent management in low and middle income countries: challenges and opportunities

Bovet, P.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. et al. Public Health Reviews (2015) CC

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of premature mortality in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Identifying ... and managing individuals at high risk of CVD is an important strategy to prevent and control CVD, in addition to multisectoral population-based interventions to reduce CVD risk factors in the entire population. Methods: We describe key public health considerations in identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD in LMICs. Results: A main objective of any strategy to identify individuals at high CVD risk is to maximize the number of CVD events averted while minimizing the numbers of individuals needing treatment. Scores estimating the total risk of CVD (e.g. ten-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD) are available for LMICs, and are based on the main CVD risk factors (history of CVD, age, sex, tobacco use, blood pressure, blood cholesterol and diabetes status). Opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors enables identification of persons with high CVD risk, but this strategy can be widely applied in low resource settings only if cost effective interventions are used (e.g. the WHO Package of Essential NCD interventions for primary health care in low resource settings package) and if treatment (generally for years) can be sustained, including continued availability ofaffordable medications and funding mechanisms that allow people to purchase medications without impoverishing them (e.g. universal access to health care). Thisalso emphasises the need to re-orient health systems in LMICs towards chronic diseases management. Conclusion: The large burden of CVD in LMICs and the fact that persons with high CVD can be identified and managed along cost-effective interventions mean that health systems need to be structured in a way that encourages patient registration, opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors, efficient procedures for the management of chronic conditions (e.g. task sharing) and provision of affordable treatment for those with high CVD risk. The focus needs to be in primary care because that is where most of the population can access health care and because CVD programmes can be run effectively at this level. more

ECOSOC Meeting “Addressing noncommunicable diseases and mental health: major challenges to sustainable development in the 21st century”

World Health Organization (2009) C_WHO

Discussion Paper "Mental health, poverty and development", July 2009

Health in all Policies - A guide for State and Local Governments

Linda Rudolf, Julian Caplan et al Public Health Institute (2021) CC

Health in All Policies: A Guide for State and Local Governments was created by the Public Health Institute, the California Department of Public Health, and the American Public Health Association in ... more

Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries

Prüss-Ustün A., Wolf J., Bartram J., et al. (2019) CC

Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2019 Jun; 222(5): 765–777. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.004; To develop updated estimates in response to new exposure and exposure-response data of the burden of diarrhoea, respiratory infections, malnutrition, schisto ... more

Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents

P. Gomes de Alvarenga; R. S. Mastrorosa; M. Conceição do Rosário IACAPAP (2012) C2

Anxiety disorders Chapter F.3

National Health Plan 2011–2020: Volume 1, Policies and Strategies

Government of Papua New Guinea (2010) C1

The health of the people and health services are in crisis, and together as partners this plan commits us to strategies aimed at achieving our goal of:
Strengthened primary health care for all, ... more

Joint Operational Framework Health and Protection

Protection Cluster; UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2023) C1

Each humanitarian setting provides distinct opportunities and challenges for actors to coordinate and collaborate at strategic and operational leve ... more

Managing complications in pregnancy and childbirth: a guide for midwives and doctors

World Health Organization, UNICEF, United Nations Population Fund (2017) C_WHO

2nd Edition

Standard operating procedure for care and protection of children in street situations

Save the Children (2017) C1

India | The ‘Standard Operating Procedures for Care, Protection and Rehabilitation of Children in Street Situations’, is a unique endeavour to streamline the processes and interventions regardin ... more

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child health and the provision of Care in Paediatric Emergency Departments

Conlon C., T. McDonnell, M. Barrett, et al. BMC (2021) CC

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent public health guidance to reduce the spread of the diseasehave wide-reaching implications for children’s health and wellbeing. Furthermore, paediatric emergenc ... more

Understanding the Climate Change and Health Interface

The One UN Climate Change Learning Partnership (UN CC:Learn) World Health Organization WHO (2013) C_WHO

Resource Guide for Advanced Learning

Technical Notes on Drinking-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene In Emergencies

Karen Vilholth WHO, WEDC, and IWMI (2011)

The 2014 Hepatology Society of the Philippines Consensus Statements on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatitis C

Stephen N. Wong, Jane R. Campos, Ian Homer Y. Cua et al. Hepatology Society of the Philippines (HSP) (2006) C1

Resource needs for the Kenya Health Sector Strategic and Investment plan: Analysis Using the One Health Tool

USAID, Health Policy Project (2015) C1

Nigeria: Harmonized Guidelines for the Administration, Disbursement, Monitoring and Fund Management of the Basic Healthcare Provision Fund

Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) (2016) C1

Manual for investigating suspected outbreaks of illnesses of possible chemical etiology: guidance for investigation and control

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

This manual describes methods for investigating clusters or outbreaks that may be of chemical origin and describes the importance of a structured, coordinated, collaborative multidisciplinary, multi-agency approach at local, regional, national ... more

Heat Waves, Floods And The Health Impacts Of Climate Change

World Health Organization WHO (2010) C_WHO

Training Workshop

Hypertension - Screening, Diagnosis, Assessment, and Management of Primary Hypertension in Adultd in India

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare India Government of India (2017) CC

Hypertension is the number one health related risk factor in India, with the largest contribution to burden of disease and mortality. It contributes to an estimated 1.6 million deaths, due to ischemic heart disease ... more

National Guidelines for Tuberculosis Infection Control

National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh (2011) C1

Philippines: HIV Immunization Guidelines

Rontgene M. Solante, Manolito L. Chua Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2010) C1