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6
2
A sanitary inspection is a simple, on-site evaluation (traditionally using a checklist) to help identify and support the management of priority risk factors that may lead to contamination of a drinking-water supply. Sanitary inspections are a well-established and widely-applied practice. They can su
...
pport water safety planning, and in some contexts, may be a simplified alternative to water safety plans.
This publication presents the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) sanitary inspection packages. These packages update the sanitary inspection forms in WHO’s 1997 Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Volume 3: surveillance and control of community supplies. With more than 25 years of practical experience with the application of sanitary inspections, these packages have been developed from a comprehensive evidence review and established good practices.
more
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium species, mostly by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae and rarely by toxin-producing strains of C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. The most common type of diphtheria is classic respiratory diphtheria, whereby the exotoxin produced characteristicall
...
y causes the formation of a pseudomembrane in the upper respiratory tract and damages other organs, usually the myocardium and peripheral nerves. Acute respiratory obstruction, acute systemic toxicity, myocarditis and neurologic complications are the usual causes of death. The infection can also affect the skin (cutaneous diphtheria). More rarely, it can affect mucous membranes at other non-respiratory sites, such as genitalia and conjunctiva.
C. diphtheriae is transmitted from person to person by intimate respiratory and direct contact; in contrast, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis are zoonotic infections, not transmitted person-to-person. The incubation period of C. diphtheriae is two to five days (range 1– 10 days). A person is infectious as long as virulent bacteria are present in respiratory secretions, usually two weeks without antibiotics, and seldom more than six weeks. In rare cases, chronic carriers may shed organisms for six months or more. Skin lesions are often chronic and infectious for longer periods. Effective antibiotic therapy (penicillin or erythromycin) promptly terminates shedding in about one or two days.
more
Small drinking-water supplies commonly experience operational, managerial, technical and resourcing challenges that impact their ability to deliver safe and reliable services. The needs and opportunities associated with these supplies therefore warrant explicit consideration in policies and regulati
...
ons.
These Guidelines, specifically tailored to small water supplies, build on over 60 years of guidance by the World Health Organization (WHO) on drinking-water quality and safety. They focus on establishing drinking-water quality regulations and standards that are health based and context appropriate; on proactively managing risks through water safety planning and sanitary inspections; and on carrying out independent surveillance. The guidance is intended primarily for decision-makers at national and subnational levels with responsibility for developing regulatory frameworks and support programmes related to these activities. Other stakeholders involved in water service provision will also benefit from the guidance in this document.
Designed to be practical and accessible, these Guidelines offer clear guidance that is rooted in the principle of progressive improvement. State-of-the-art recommendations and implementation guidance are provided, drawn from a comprehensive evidence review and established good practices. Additionally, case examples are provided from countries and areas around the world to demonstrate how the guidance in this publication has been implemented in practice in a wide variety of contexts.
Together with WHO’s 2024 Sanitary inspection packages – a supporting tool for the Guidelines for drinking-water quality: small water supplies, these Guidelines update and supersede WHO’s 1997 Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Volume 3: surveillance and control of community supplies. Key changes to this updated publication include a greater focus on preventive risk management and a broader range of small water supplies covered, including those managed by households, communities and professional entities.
more
The Guidelines for drinking-water quality: small water supplies have been developed to address the needs and opportunities associated with small supplies to facilitate progressive improvement towards safe and sustainable drinking-water services for all. These Guidelines are based on the principal re
...
commendation in the World Health Organization’s Guidelines for drinking-water quality, and they provide guidance on applying that recommendation to small water supplies in particular. These Guidelines aim to help governments and practitioners improve the safety of drinking-water delivered through small supplies.
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Ces Directives sur la qualité de l’eau de boisson : petits approvisionnements en eau ont été élaborées pour aborder les besoins et les possibilités associés aux petits approvisionnements afin de favoriser l’amélioration progressive vers des services d’alimentation en eau de boisson sû
...
rs et durables pour tous. Ces directives se fondent sur la principale recommandation des Directives de qualité pour l’eau de boisson de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé ; elles visent à fournir des orientations concernant l’application de cette recommandation aux petits approvisionnements en eau en particulier. Ces directives visent à aider les gouvernements et les praticiens à améliorer la sécurité sanitaire de l’eau de boisson fournie par de petits approvisionnements.
more
Las Guías para la calidad del agua de consumo humano: pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento de agua se han elaborado para tratar las necesidades y oportunidades asociadas a los pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento, con el fin de facilitar la mejora progresiva hacia unos servicios seguros y sostenibl
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es de agua de consumo humano para todas las personas. Estas Guías se basan en la recomendación principal de las Guías para la calidad del agua de consumo humano de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y proporcionan orientación sobre la aplicación de esas recomendaciones a los pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento de agua en particular. El objetivo de estas Guías consiste en ayudar a los gobiernos y a los profesionales a mejorar la seguridad del agua de consumo humano suministrada a través de pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento.
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Настоящее «Руководство по обеспечению качества питьевой воды: маломасштабные системы водоснабжения» было разработано для удовлетворения потребностей и использ
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вания возможностей, связанных с маломасштабными системами водоснабжения, в целях содействия постоянному совершенствованию системы устойчивого снабжения всего населения безопасной питьевой водой. Настоящее Руководство основано на главной рекомендации Руководства по обеспечению качества питьевой воды Всемирной организации здравоохранения и содержит руководящие указания в отношении выполнения этой рекомендации, в частности применительно к маломасштабным системам водоснабжения. Настоящее Руководство призвано помочь правительствам и отрасли повысить безопасность питьевой воды, доставляемой маломасштабными системами водоснабжения.
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وقد وُضعت هذه الإرشادات المعنونة "إرشادات بشأن مياه الشرب: إمدادات المياه الصغيرة" لتناول الاحتياجات والفرص المرتبطة
بإمدادات المياه الصغيرة وتيسير التحسين التد
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ريجي نحو خدمات مياه شرب آمنة ومستدامة للجميع.
تستند هذه الإرشادات إلى التوصية الرئيسية الواردة في إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية بشأن جودة مياه الشرب وتوفّر إرشادات حول تطبيق هذه التوصية على إمدادات المياه صغيرة الحجم على وجه الخصوص.
تهدف هذه الإرشادات إلى مساعدة الحكومات والممارسين على تحسين سلامة مياه الشرب المقدمة من خلال الإمدادات الصغيرة.
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One of the main limitations to accessing hearing aids is the lack of diagnostic and rehabilitative services, especially at primary and secondary levels of care. This is due to the small number of specialists in ear and hearing care, and to their poor territorial distribution which is more evident in
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low- and middle-income countries
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The ongoing war in Ukraine has made it difficult to access to vital health-care services and supplies, particularly for people living close to conflict zones. These challenges include limited access to medications and pharmacies as well as concerns
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over the affordability of medicines in areas deemed high- or very high-risk due to ongoing hostilities. To address this issue, the WHO Country Office in Ukraine has launched an initiative to distribute OTC health-care kits to people living in these high-risk areas.
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During Epidemiological week (Epiweek) 5, 20 countries in the WHO African region (WHO AFR) contributed virological data for analysis - Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambiq
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ue, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia
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This operational guide addresses important infection prevention and control (IPC) measures that should be implemented during a diphtheria outbreak and primarily addresses respiratory Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheria).
Even before the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, it was apparent that the world’s
directing and coordinating authority on international health work needed sustainable financing in order f
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or Member States to address the evolving global health threats, ranging from those rooted in climate change and social and financial conditions to emerging infectious diseases
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In 2015, the world reaffirmed its commitment to sustainable development by endorsing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 SDGs (2030 Agenda). To reach older people – an important, heterogeneous and growing population – and to c
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reate visibility in global and national policy and accountability mechanisms, a closer examination is needed of the kinds of data collection mechanisms and methods, and types of data collected to measure each SDG indicator relevant for older persons, including existing levels of disaggregation, analysis and dissemination.
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In 2015, the world reaffirmed its commitment to sustainable development by endorsing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 SDGs (2030 Agenda). To reach older people – an important, heterogeneous and growing population – and to c
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reate visibility in global and national policy and accountability mechanisms, a closer examination is needed of the kinds of data collection mechanisms and methods, and types of data collected to measure each SDG indicator relevant for older persons, including existing levels of disaggregation, analysis and dissemination.
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Many vaccines and drugs hold the promise of reducing mortality and morbidity among pregnant women and infants living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, sufficient information on the safety of drugs and vaccines in pregnant women is rarely available at the time of product licensure
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or approval. To account for this, active safety surveillance efforts are needed during the post-licensure and post-approval
phase to assess the safety of drugs and vaccines in pregnant women and their offspring. Pregnancy exposure registries (PER) are used to monitor the safety of vaccines and drugs. PERs are observational studies that systematically collect health information on exposure to medical products such as drugs and vaccines during pregnancy. This review demonstrates that a number of resources presently exist in LMICs that perform active safety surveillance in pregnant populations. These results indicate such systems employ a wide variety of approaches, each with their own set of strengths and challenges, as summarized in the final section of the report.
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Human health and well-being are intimately linked to the state of the environment. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), climate change, air pollution and exposure to hazardous chemicals are major causes of environment-related burden of disease acro
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ss the world. In the WHO South-East Asia Region, almost a quarter of all deaths are attributable to the health impacts of environmental hazards. Air pollution is the leading cause of deaths from environmental risks and is a leading contributor to the NCD epidemic.
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Anaemia is a global public health concern, especially afflicting adolescent girls, women 15–49 years of age, pregnant women, and children in low- and middle-income countries. WHO estimates that in 2019 30% (571 million) of women aged 15–49 years
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, 37% (32 million) of pregnant women, and 40% (269 million) of children 6–59 months of age were affected by anaemia, with the WHO African Region and South-East Asia
Region being most affected(
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This report represents the WHO-supported NTDs program activities and key performances in 2023. It is categorized into three sections: The first section states on the disease targeted for eradication (Guinea worm disease); the second section is on the
Preventive Chemotherapy (PC)-NTDs (Trachoma,
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Schistosomiasis, Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis, Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis) and the third section is focused on the case management NTDs (Leishmaniasis, Leprosy, Human African
Trypanosomiasis, Noma and other skin NTDs).
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En 2023, la nouvelle stratégie de Coopération de l’OMS avec le Niger 2023-2027 a été lancée, assortie d’un plan d’investissement. En outre, l’OMS a soutenu plusieurs initiatives majeures du pays, comme le lancement effectif de la Stratégie nationale de la Couverture Sanitaire Universel
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le (CSU) 2023-2030, la mise à jour de la Stratégie nationale de financement de la santé, la mise en œuvre de la stratégie Triage, Évaluation et Traitement des Urgences pédiatriques (TETU) dans plusieurs régions. De nombreuses actions ont aussi été menées dans d’autres domaines, comme la riposte apportée à l’épidémie de diphtérie, le soutien continu à la vaccination de routine, l’appui au maintien de la chaine du froid pour les vaccins (menacée par l’interruption de la fourniture d’énergie), etc.
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