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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Tanzania: The National Action Plan on AMR 2017-2022

The United Republic of Tanzania - Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

This National Action Plan addresses actions needed to be taken in order to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the country. It is obligatory to raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance and promote behavioral change through public communication programmes that targets human, animal and plant... more

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The Critical Role of Community Health Workers in COVID-19 Vaccine Roll Out
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) CC

Since the emergence of COVID 19 in December 2019, various public health responses measures have been implemented to control the pandemic. Among measures taken by the Africa CDC was the launch of PACT initiative to accelerate COVID 19 testing. Key to the initiative is the engagement of Community Heal... more

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Reproductive Health Assessment Toolkit for Conflict-Affected Women (Cover)

Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, (2007)

This is only the cover of the book. Download the whole Toolkit at: www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/Refugee/ Understanding the reproductive health needs of conflict-affected women will enable organizations to implement and enhance programs and services to improve the health of women and their fam... more

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Recommendations for cholera regional & global reporting

Global Task Force on Cholera Control (2025) CC

Regional and global cholera surveillance is the continuous compilation of data from affected countries, analysis and interpretation at the regional and global levels, and prompt dissemination of findings for public health action.

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WHO implementation tool for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection - Module 5

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) C_WHO

Module 5 Monitoring and Evaluation October 2018 Module 5: Monitoring and evaluation. This module is for people responsible for monitoring PrEP programmes at the national and site levels. It provides information on how to monitor PrEP for safety and effectiveness, suggesting core and additiona... more

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Standard Operating Procedures - Mycology Laboratories

Indian Council of Medical Research (2015) C1

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Research Network | This document contains detail procedures on sample collection, transport, isolation, identification of fungi for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections and antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast

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The Importance of Pharmacovigilance

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

The Pharmacovigilance team in WHO aims to assure the safety of medicines and vaccines by ensuring reliable and timely exchange of information on safety issues, promoting pharmacovigilance activities throughout the Organization and encouraging participation in the WHO Programme for International Drug... more

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Consolidated strategic information guidelines for HIV in the health sector. Executive Sumary

World Health Organization (2020) C_WHO

Driving Impact through Programme Monitoring and Management These guidelines – an update to the World Health Organization’s 2015 publication Consolidated strategic information guidelines – present a set of essential aggregate indicators and guidance on choosing, collecting and systematically ... more

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Zika: Strategic Response Framework & Joint Operations Plan January - June 2016
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

The strategy focuses on mobilizing and coordinating partners, experts and resources to help countries enhance surveillance of the Zika virus and disorders that could be linked to it, improve vector control, effectively communicate risks, guidance and protection measures, provide medical care to thos... more

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Cholera Outbreak Response Field Manual (October 2019)

WASH Cluster; World Health Organization WHO (2023) CC

The response to a cholera outbreak must focus on limiting mortality and reducing the spread of the disease. It should be comprehensive and multisectoral, including epidemiology, case management, water, sanitation and hygiene, logistics, community engagement and risk communication. All efforts must b... more

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Fortalecendo a vigilância para a Variante de Preocupação (VOC) Ômicron (B.1.1.529): Informe técnico e ações prioritárias para estados-membros Sede da Organização Mundial da Saúde

Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) OPAS (2022) C_WHO

Strengthening surveillance for Variant of Concern (VOC) Omicron (B.1.1.529): technical brief and priority actions for member states World Health Organization Headquarters, 28 November 2021

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Toolkit for developing a multisectoral action plan for noncommunicable diseases: module 5: evaluating the implementation of a multisectoral action plan

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) C_WHO

Key stakeholders must be involved in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NCD plans and programmes. Within a ministry of health there will be different types of stakeholders, such as programme managers and senior managers in departments of prevention, health promotion, and hosp... more

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Guidelines on Estimating the Size of Populations Most at Risk to HIV

UNAIDS; World Health Organization (2010) C_WHO

UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance

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Using indicators to measure country pharmaceutical situations

WHO World Health Organization (WHO) (2006) C_WHO

Fact Book on WHO Level I and Level II monitoring indicators - To monitor the progress of efforts to improve the global medicines situation, WHO has developed a system of indicators that measure important aspects of a country’s pharmaceutical situation. Level 1 indicators measure the existence and ... more

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Holistic response strategies for COVID-19

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

This document outlines minimum requirements of laboratory testing for COVID-19 and link laboratory testing with surveillance and contact tracing to guide the outbreak response by national health authorities using a reduced number of tests performed. The strategies are organized according to stages o... more

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Санитарно-эпидемиологический надзор за COVID-19
recommended

World Health Organization WHO WHO (2020) CC

Временные рекомендации16 декабря 2020 г. В настоящем документе кратко представлены текущие рекомендации ВОЗ по ведению эпиднадзора в области общественного здравоо... more

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Antimicrobial Resistance, Fueled by the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2021) C_WHO

Policy Brief November 2021 Available in English, Spanish and Portuguese The COVID-19 pandemic has fueled the ongoing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) global crisis due to the increase in the use of antibiotics to treat COVID-19 patients, disruptions to infection prevention and control practices in o... more

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Handbook for Integrated Vector Management in the Americas

Pan American Health Organization PAHO ; World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

This document compiles the recommendations made by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to help professionals in charge of vector control programs in Latin America and the Caribbean at the national, subnational, and local level update their knowledge in... more

The Critical Role of Community Health Workers in COVID-19 Vaccine Roll Out recommended

Zika: Strategic Response Framework & Joint Operations Plan January - June 2016 recommended

Санитарно-эпидемиологический надзор за COVID-19 recommended

The Critical Role of Community Health Workers in COVID-19 Vaccine Roll Out
recommended

Zika: Strategic Response Framework & Joint Operations Plan January - June 2016
recommended

Санитарно-эпидемиологический надзор за COVID-19
recommended