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Measures to strengthen primary health-care systems in low- and middle-income countries
Etienne V Langlois, Andrew Mc Kenzie, Helen Schneider & Jeffrey W Mecaskey
World Health Organization
(2020)
C_WHO
Primary health care offers a cost–effective route to achieving universal health coverage (UHC). However, primary health-care systems are weak in many low- and middle-income countries and often fail to provide comprehensive, people-centred, integrated care. We analysed the primar
...
y health-care systems in 20 low- and middle-income countries using a semi-grounded approach. Options for strengthening primary health-care systems were identified by thematic content analysis. We found that: (i)despite the growing burden of noncommunicable disease, many low- and middle-income countries lacked funds for preventive services; (ii)community health workers were often under-resourced, poorly supported and lacked training; (iii)out-of-pocket expenditure exceeded 40% of total health expenditure in half the countries studied, which affected equity; and (iv)health insurance schemes were hampered by the fragmentation of public and private systems, underfunding, corruption and poor engagement of informal workers. In 14 countries, the private sector was largely unregulated. Moreover, community engagement in primary health care was weak in countries where services were largely privatized. In some countries, decentralization led to the fragmentation of primary health care. Performance improved when financial incentives were linked to regulation and quality improvement, and community involvement was strong. Policy-making should be supported by adequate resources for primary health-care implementation and government spending on primary health care should be increased by at least 1% of gross domestic product. Devising equity-enhancing financing schemes and improving the accountability of primary health-care management is also needed. Support from primary health-care systems is critical for progress towards UHC in the decade to 2030.
more
Recommended measures for medical and other staff who were involved in patient care or outbreak response during the Ebola outbreak in 2014
Robert-Koch-Institut
(2014)
This document describes recommended measures for dealing with medical and other staff employed either in patient care or in outbreak control during the 2014 Ebola outbreak.
Protective measures against Coronavirus (Hindi)
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; Government of India
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; Government of India
(2020)
C2
Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Accessed: 08.04.2020
Protective measures against Coronavirus
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; Government of India
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; Government of India
(2020)
C2
Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Accessed: 08.04.2020
16 June 2020
PAHO’s Smart Hospitals Project started in 2009 and has been implemented across nine countries in the Caribbean Region. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new lessons to be incorporated as part of Smart Retrofits. This document is intended to describe simple natural and
...
mechanical ventilation measures which can be implemented as an extension of the PAHO Smart Retrofits with the aim of reducing the risk of transmission of viruses like COVID-19.
more
Although Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been isolated from a variety of food production animals, they are most commonly associated with ruminants from which we derive meat and milk. Because of the widespread and diverse nature of ruminant-derived food production, coupled with the
...
near ubiquity of STEC worldwide, there is no single definitive solution for controlling STEC that will work alone or in all situations. Instead, the introduction of multiple interventions applied in sequence, as a “multiple-hurdle scheme” at several points throughout the food chain (including processing, transport and handling) will be most effective.
This report summarizes the review and evaluation of interventions applied for the control of STEC in cattle, raw beef and raw milk and raw milk cheese manufactured from cows’ milk, and also evaluates available evidence for other small ruminants, swine and other animals. The information is presented from primary production, to the end of processing, providing the reader with information on the currently available interventions based on the latest scientific evidence.
This work was undertaken to support the development of guidelines for the control of STEC in beef, raw milk and cheese produced from raw milk by the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH).
more
J Urban Health (2025) 102:1208–1222 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-025-01021-7
DHS Methodological Report No. 20
This study used Service Provision Assessment (SPA) and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Haiti, Malawi, and Tanzania to compare traditionally used additive methods with a data reduction method—principal component analysis (PCA).
We scored ... the quality of health facilities with three approaches (simple additive, weighted additive, and PCA) for two constructs: quality of services, with only facilities-level data, and quality of care, which incorporates observation and client data. We ranked facilities as high, medium, or low quality based on their scores. Our results indicated that the rankings change with the scoring methodology. There was more consistency in the rankings of facilities by the simple additive and PCA methods than the weighted additive and PCA-based rankings. This may be due to the low factor loadings and little variance explained by the first component in the PCA. We aggregated facility scores to their respective DHS clusters (Haiti, Malawi) or regions (Tanzania) and geographically linked them to women interviewed in DHS surveys to test associations between the use of family planning services and the quality environment, as measured with each index. more
This study used Service Provision Assessment (SPA) and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Haiti, Malawi, and Tanzania to compare traditionally used additive methods with a data reduction method—principal component analysis (PCA).
We scored ... the quality of health facilities with three approaches (simple additive, weighted additive, and PCA) for two constructs: quality of services, with only facilities-level data, and quality of care, which incorporates observation and client data. We ranked facilities as high, medium, or low quality based on their scores. Our results indicated that the rankings change with the scoring methodology. There was more consistency in the rankings of facilities by the simple additive and PCA methods than the weighted additive and PCA-based rankings. This may be due to the low factor loadings and little variance explained by the first component in the PCA. We aggregated facility scores to their respective DHS clusters (Haiti, Malawi) or regions (Tanzania) and geographically linked them to women interviewed in DHS surveys to test associations between the use of family planning services and the quality environment, as measured with each index. more
as of 12:00 AM, 17 September 2018 - 6:00 AM, 17 September 2018
A list of terms found within the Measures Review Database (MRD). This fact sheet defines various terms from the MRD to help users better understand the measures reviews.
The CSMH compiled a list of assessment measures that are in the public domain (free of charge) and available online for clinicians. Below are the recommended measures can be used in school mental he
...
alth programs to help assess symptoms of clinical disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety, ADHD) an in some cases are useful for tracking student progress and outcomes over time.
more
Complex Trauma Standardized Measures
recommended
Overview of available standardized measures of Complex Trauma on www.nctsn.org | Accessed online February 2019
Respectons ces measures simples pour éviter le Coronavirus
Ministère de las Santé et de l'action Sociale; République du Senegal
Ministère de las Santé et de l'action Sociale; République du Senegal
(2020)
C2
Accessed: 01.04.2020
The wearing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is standard practice for the handling of the deceased and should be carried out in line with standard Health and Safety procedures.
Healthcare and deathcare workers should take precautions when handling the remains of individuals who have died fr
...
om COVID-19.
This set of four posters provides healthcare and deathcare workers with guidance in the handling of the dead.
The posters cover the following topics:
- How to put on PPE correctly
- During body handling and preparation process
- Removing PPE correctly
- Management of COVID-19 Related Deaths: Key considerations and recommendations for managers
more
COVID Response and Containment Measures - Training of ANM, ASHA, AWW
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India; National Health Mission
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India; National Health Mission
(2020)
C2
Accessed: 20.04.2020
Policy considerations for the WHO European Region
24 April 2020
