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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Systems of Monitoring

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO

Monitoring is a crucial element in any successful programme. It is important to know if health care facilities – and ultimately countries – are meeting the agreed goals and objectives for preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Monitoring is the on-going collection, management ...and use of information to assess whether an activity or programme is proceeding according to plan and/ or achieving defined targets. Not all outcomes of interest can be monitored. Clear outcomes must be identified that relate to the most important changes expected to result from the project and to what is realistic and measurable within the timescale of the project. Once these outcomes have been articulated, indicators can be chosen that best measure whether the desired outcomes are being met. To allow progress to be monitored, this module provides a set of indicators on CVD management. Agreeing on a set of indicators allows countries to compare progress in CVD management and treatment across different districts or subnational jurisdictions, as well as at a facility level, identify where performance can be improved, and track trends in implementation over time. Monitoring these indicators also helps identify problems that may be encountered so that implementation efforts can be redirected. This module starts from the collection of data at facility level, which is then “transferred up” the system: facility-level data are aggregated at subnational level to produce reports that allow tracking of facility and subnational performance over time and allow for comparison among facilities. National-level data are obtained through population-based surveys. Implementing a monitoring system requires action at many levels. At national and subnational levels, staff can determine how best to integrate data elements into existing data collection systems – such as the routine service-delivery data that are collected through facility-level Health Management Information Systems (HMIS). In the facility setting, personnel must be aware of what data are needed. Sample data-collection tools are included, recognizing that countries use different datamanagement systems for HMIS, so the CVD monitoring tools will be adapted to work with the HMIS system being used by the country, such that the indicators can be collected with minimal disruption/work to existing systems and tools more

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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Evidence-based treatment protocols

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO

In many low- and middle-income countries, there is a wide gap between evidencebased recommendations and current practice. Treatment of major CVD risk factors remains suboptimal, and only a minority of patients who are treated reach their target levels for blood pressure, blood sugar and blood choles... more

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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Access to essential medicines and technology

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO

Procurement and supply management activities are fundamental to consistent and reliable access to essential medicines and health products. To reduce the impact of CVD, action needs to be taken to improve prevention, diagnosis, care and management of CVD diseases. Affordable essential medicines and t... more

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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Team-based care

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO

Many low-resource settings have a shortage of physicians and health workers. (1) In order to provide patient-centred continuous care more effectively, primary care systems can include team-based care strategies in their clinic workflows and protocols. Team-based care uses multidisciplinary teams (wh... more

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Coronary heart disease

British Heart Foundation (2019) CC

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is when your coronary arteries become narrowed by a build-up of fatty material within their walls. These arteries supply your heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood. CHD is sometimes called ischaemic heart disease.

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Hypertension

Pan American Health Organization PAHO (2023) C_WHO

Hypertension is the main risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Each year 1.6 million deaths befall from cardiovascular disease in the region of the Americas, of which about half a million occur in people under age 70, which is considered premature and preventable death. Hypertension aff... more

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD): What is it?

MyHealth.Alberta.ca YouTube (2022) CC

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) describes a group of conditions that affect your heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes are very serious.

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Blood Pressure Medicines

MedlinePlus National Library of Medicine (2021) CC

On this website you can find information on high blood pressure, how to lower it and how blood pressure medicines work.

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A comparison of cardiovascular imaging practices in Africa, North America, and Europe: two faces of the same coin

Lakshmanan, S.; Mbanze, I. European Society of Cardiology (2023) CC

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are significant differences in the burden of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors, across high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. Cardiac imaging by echocardiography, cardia... more

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Screening for cardiovascular disease risk and subsequent management in low and middle income countries: challenges and opportunities

Bovet, P.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. et al. Public Health Reviews (2015) CC

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of premature mortality in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD is an important strategy to prevent and control CVD, in addition to multisector... more

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Trend analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality, incidence, and mortality-to-incidence ratio: results from global burden of disease study 2017

Amini, M.; Zayeri, F.; Salehi, M. BioMed Central (2021) CC

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the global leading causes of concern due to the rising prevalence and consequence of mortality and disability with a heavy economic burden. The objective of the current study was to analyze the trend in CVD incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-... more

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Global disparities in arrhythmia care: Mind the gap

Sharif, Z.; Ptaszek, L.M. Heart Rhythm O2 (2022) CC

Delivery of comprehensive arrhythmia care requires the simultaneous presence of many resources. These include complex hospital infrastructure, expensive implantable equipment, and expert personnel. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), at least 1 of these components is often missing, res... more

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Heart failure in low-income and middle-income countries: failing REPORT card grades

Naik, N.; Narula, J. The Lancet Global Health (2020) CC

Heart failure is an important global health problem, and the associated public health and economic effect is increasing across all societies and geographies. Epidemiological studies have estimated that there are more than 25 million patients with heart failure globally, and population-based studie... more

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Limited access to CVD medicines in low-income and middle-income countries: poverty is at the heart of the matter

Agyemang, C.; van den Born, B. The Lancet Global Health (2018) CC

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a substantial threat to many health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) where they are already overstretched. In the past few decades, deaths from NCDs in LMICs have spiked, whereas numbers in high-income countries have stabilis... more

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Global burden of peripheral artery disease and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Kim, M.S.; Hwang, J.; Yon, D.K. et al. The Lancet Global Health (2023) CC

Background: Peripheral artery disease is a growing public health problem. We aimed to estimate the global disease burden of peripheral artery disease, its risk factors, and temporospatial trends to inform policy and public measures. Methods: Data on peripheral artery disease were modelled using the... more

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

Tsao, C.W.; Aday, A.W.; Almarzooq, Z.I. et al. Circulation (2022) CC

The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors ... more

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Diabetes self-management education interventions in the WHO African Region: A scoping review

Kumah, E.; Otchere, G.; Egyakawa Ankomah, S.; et al. PLoS One (2021) CC2

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the commonest chronic diseases worldwide. Self-Management Education (SME) is regarded as a critical element of treatment for all people with diabetes, as well as those at risk of developing the condition. While a great variety of diabetes self-management education (D... more

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Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Epidemiology, Biochemistry, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Complications and Comprehensive Management

Alam, S.; Hasan, K.; Neaz, S.; et al. Molecular Diversity Preservation International MDPI (2021) CC2

Diabetes mellitus has become a serious and chronic metabolic disorder that results from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, principally characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Uncontrolled high blood sugar can result in a host of diabetic complications. Prol... more

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Diabetes in South-East Asia burden, gaps, challenges and ways forward

World Health Organization South- East Asia Journal of Public Health (2016) C_WHO

Diabetes is not new to South-East Asia, since this condition was first described by Indian and Egyptian physicians three and a half thousand years ago. Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease characterized by chronic elevation of blood glucose and disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metaboli... more