Reducing the humanitarian impact of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas is a key priority for the United
Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), civil society and an increasing number of Member States.
The United Nations Secretary-General has expressly called on... parties to conflict to avoid the use in populated areas of
explosive weapons with wide-area effects.
While the use of explosive weapons in populated areas may in some circumstances be lawful under international
humanitarian law (IHL), empirical evidence reveals a foreseeable and often widespread pattern of harm to civilians,
particularly from explosive weapons with wide-area effects.
Many types of explosive weapons exist and are currently in use. These include air-delivered bombs, artillery projectiles,
missiles and rockets, mortar bombs, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Some are launched from the air and
others are surface launched. Whilst different technical features dictate their accuracy of delivery and explosive effect,
these weapons generally create a zone of blast and fragmentation with the potential to kill, injure or damage anyone
or anything within that zone. This makes their use in populated areas – such as towns, cities, markets and camps for
refugees and displaced persons or other concentrations of civilians – particularly problematic. The problems increase
further if the effects of the weapon extend across a wide-area either because of the scale of blast that they produce; their
inaccuracy; the use of multiple munitions across an area; or a combination thereof.
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Introduction
Chapter A.14
Эта глава начинается с обзора ключевых принципов развития, или тем, включая такие , как: природа или воспитание, продолжительность стадий развития и их эластичност..., критические и чувствительные периоды, а также роль культуры и контекста. После этой краткой вступительной главы будут рассмотрены зависящие от возраста этапы когнитивного, лингвистического социально-эмоционального и поведенческого развития от младенческого возраста, и до подросткового. Несмотря на то, что понимание этапов нормального физического развития также важно, эти вопросы обычно хорошо освещаются в медицинских публикациях и в данной главе не освещаются.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that requires urgent collaborative action within and among countries. AMR makes standard treatments ineffective and facilitates the spread of antimicrobial resistant infections rendering communities vulnerable. The Ministry of Health (MOH) and Minist...ry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries & Blue Economy (MALF) recognized antimicrobial resistance as a priority following findings from status reports and studies from Ministries, Departments, Agencies and Stakeholders.
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Med J DY Patil Univ 2017;10:229-33
Eur Respir J 2016; 48: 808–817 | DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00840-2016
PQDx 0018-010-00 WHO
PQDx PR
July/2016, version 3.0
Public health Panoram, Vol.2 Issue 1 March 2016