Filter
2243
Filtered Results: 2243
Text search:
Public
Health
laboratory
service
network
Featured
Recommendations
245
New Publications
680
Language
Document type
No document type
1279
Studies & Reports
337
Guidelines
321
Strategic & Response Plan
128
Manuals
112
Situation Updates
21
Training Material
19
Fact sheets
19
Brochures
2
Resource Platforms
2
App
1
Infographics
1
Online Courses
1
Countries / Regions
India
110
Kenya
76
Global
74
Liberia
69
Sierra Leone
68
Nigeria
65
Western and Central Europe
64
Ethiopia
52
Uganda
47
Africa
46
Latin America and the Carribbean
42
Nepal
38
Rwanda
34
South Africa
34
Tanzania
33
Zambia
32
Bangladesh
29
Malawi
28
Ukraine
27
Eastern Europe
27
Syria
24
Guinea
22
Myanmar / Burma
22
Congo, Democratic Republic of
21
Ghana
20
Senegal
19
Cambodia
19
Lesotho
18
South–East Asia Region
18
Namibia
18
Zimbabwe
17
Botswana
16
Philippines
14
East and Southern Africa
13
West and Central Africa
12
Pakistan
12
Haiti
11
Mozambique
10
Asia
10
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
10
Indonesia
10
Cameroon
9
Colombia
8
Burkina Faso
8
Benin
7
Middle East and North Africa
7
Western Pacific Region
7
South Sudan
7
Eswatini/ Swaziland
7
Tajikistan
6
Thailand
6
Albania
6
USA
6
Russia
6
Georgia
6
Germany
5
Brazil
5
Moldova
5
Yemen
5
North Macedonia
4
Afghanistan
4
Venezuela
4
North America
4
Bolivia
4
Mali
4
Angola
4
Iraq
4
Somalia
4
Ecuador
4
Laos
3
Peru
3
Côte d’Ivoire / Ivory Coast
3
Vietnam
3
Sudan
3
Chad
3
Turkey
2
Gambia
2
Chile
2
Iran
2
Niger
2
Bulgaria
2
Jordan
2
United Kingdom
2
Portugal
2
Lebanon
2
Sri Lanka
2
Romania
2
Bhutan
2
Madagascar
2
Timor Leste/ East Timor
1
Mexico
1
El Salvador
1
Serbia
1
Togo
1
Canada
1
Fiji
1
Estonia
1
Uzbekistan
1
Burundi
1
Morocco
1
Mongolia
1
Qatar
1
Dominican Republic
1
Guinea-Bissau
1
Hungary
1
Lithuania
1
Saudi Arabia
1
Paraguay
1
Gabon
1
Turkmenistan
1
Japan
1
Denmark
1
France
1
Maldives
1
Mauritius
1
Tunisia
1
Spain
1
Southern Africa
1
Argentina
1
Papua New Guinea
1
Slovakia
1
Greece
1
Palestine
1
Central African Republic
1
Poland
1
Authors & Publishers
Publication Years
Category
Policies
242
Studies & Reports
218
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
214
Guidelines
127
COVID-19
82
Statistics
48
Capacity Building
46
Drugs & Medical Equipment
45
Humanitarian Crisis
42
Women & Child Health
41
Disease Prevention & Control
38
Community Health
35
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
28
HIV & STI
28
Disaster Preparedness
23
Health Systems
21
Non-communicable Diseases
19
TB
19
General Guidelines
17
Water
16
Demograhic Health Surveys DHS
15
Humanitarian Aid
14
Countries
14
Hepatitis
13
General Guidelines
12
Pediatrics
11
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
11
NCD
11
Quality Control & Assurance
11
NTDs & Others
11
Malaria
11
WASH
10
Reproductive Health
10
Bacteriology
9
Cancer
9
Maternal Health
9
Communicable Diseases
8
Monitoring & Evaluation
8
Disabilities
8
Needs Assessment
8
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
8
Primary Health Care
8
Sanitation
7
Virology
7
Public Health
7
Medical Devices & Equipment
7
Yellow Fever
7
Other
7
Immunization
7
Key Resources
7
Food Security & Nutrition
7
Paediatrics
6
Vector Control
6
Health System Strengthening
6
Clinical Guidelines
6
Respiratory Infections
6
Women & Child Health
6
Neonatal Care
6
Digital Health
5
Public Health
5
Child Health
5
Community Health
5
Cancer Treatment & Resources
5
MPOX - Monkeypox
5
Cardiovascular Diseases
5
Hemorrhagic Fever
5
Diarrhoeal Disease/Cholera
5
Surgery & Anaesthesia
5
Protection & Security
5
Laboratory Quality Assurance
5
Pharmacy & Technology
4
Hand Hygiene
4
Waste Management
4
Communicable Diseases
4
Parasitology
4
Leishmaniasis
4
Age & Elderly
4
Global Health
4
Rabies
3
Helminthiasis
3
Diabetes
3
Hematology
3
Palliative Care
3
Other Cancer diseases
3
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
3
Sexual Violence
3
Humanitarian Aid
3
Chagas
3
Family Planning
2
Breast Cancer
2
Emergency Care
2
Pharmaceutical Assessments
2
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
2
Palliative Care
2
Leprosy
2
Fecal Disposal / Latrines
2
Dengue
2
Medicines Donations
1
Dental & Eye Care
1
Clinical Training
1
Under-5 nutrition
1
Project Cycle Management
1
Taeniasis/ Cysticercosis
1
Gender
1
Schistosomiasis
1
x MEDBOX Issue Brief & Annual Reports x
1
Cervical Cancer
1
Pediatric cancer
1
Nutrition
1
COVID-19
1
Sex. & Repr. Rights
1
Snakebites
1
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
1
Child protection
1
E-therapy
1
Mental Health
1
COPD/Asthma
1
Neurology & Psychology
1
Laboratory Technologies
1
Human African Trypanosomiasis
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
Pharmacy & Technologies
1
Toolboxes
Country specific documents
52
Reports & Studies
51
Country specific
49
Eastern Europe and central Asia
39
Public Health
38
Assessment & Studies
30
Prevention & Preparedness
27
Detection & Diagnosis
24
Infection Control General
23
Prevention & Control
20
Appeals and Response Plans
19
IPC
17
Surveillance
17
International
17
Clinical Guidelines
17
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
17
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
17
Preparedness & Prevention
17
Children & Adolescents
16
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
16
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
16
Roadmaps, Action Plans & Policies
16
Outbreak Prevention & Control
15
Surveillance
15
Key Resources
15
Surveillance & Contact tracing
15
General Reports
14
TB & Prisoners
14
HIV in Key Populations
14
HIV testing & services
13
Diagnostics & Laboratory Guidance
13
Rational use of Medicine
13
Assessment & Response
13
Action Plans, Policies & Response
13
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
12
Substance Use Disorders, Others
12
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
12
Disease Prevention & Control
12
Ebola Prevention & Control
11
Treatment & Prevention
11
Influenza Prevention & Control
11
Drug resistant TB
11
Research & Access
11
ART Drug Resistance
10
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
10
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
10
Cholera Prevention & Control
9
TB & Other Vulnerable Populations
9
Studies
9
Handbooks & Manuals
9
General documents One Health
9
Latin America & the Carribean
9
Antiretroviral Treatment ART
9
Infection Control
9
Clinical Aspects
8
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
8
Social Mobilisation
8
Policies
8
Treatment Guidelines HIV
8
Human Rights
8
General
8
Climate & Health
8
Context & Facts, Travel Advice
8
Country Specific
8
Hygiene
8
Advocacy & Communication
8
Situation Reports & Updates
8
Community-based Mental Health Care
8
Eastern Europe & Central Asia
8
Policies & Strategies
7
Adults
7
Training
7
Global
7
Immunization Guidelines
7
Situation Reports & Updates
7
MPOX - Monkeypox
7
Studies & Reports
7
Assessment
7
TB/HIV Coinfection
7
Preparedness & Prevention
7
SEAR (South-east Asia Region)
7
National Policies
6
Laboratory
6
Others
6
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
6
Reports
6
Treatment Guidelines
6
Training, others
6
HIV and COVID-19
6
Community Health Workers CHW
6
General Guidelines for Rational Use
6
Guidelines & Manuals
6
Zoonoses
6
General Information
6
Women
6
Situation Reports & Updates
6
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
6
Uganda
6
Zika Prevention & Control
6
HIV service delivery
6
Western & Central Europe
6
Kenya
6
Universal Health Coverage & Primary Health Care
6
Meningitis Prevention & Control
5
Childhood TB
5
Laboratory Guidance
5
Opportunistic Infections
5
Communication & Training
5
Drug resistance
5
Eastern Europe
5
Health & Refugee
5
Cannabis
5
General
5
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
5
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
5
For Health Worker
5
Educational Settings
5
Workplace
5
Genomic sequencing
5
Long COVID/ Post-COVID Syndrome
5
Planetary Health
5
Pharmacovigilance
5
Waste Managment
5
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
5
Overview, Studies & Reports
5
Health Financing Toolbox
5
Policies and guidelines
5
Assessment & Response
5
Stewardship
5
Testing Guidelines
5
Overview & Statistics
5
Reports & Studies Children HIV
5
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
5
Policies & Strategies
4
Biosafety
4
Agriculture & Veterinary
4
Azerbaijan
4
Europe
4
Yellow Fever Prevention & Control
4
Prevention Guidelines
4
Influenza
4
Hepatitis
4
HIV
4
Rwanda
4
Workplace
4
Epilepsy
4
Laboratory
4
Universal Health Coverage UHC and 90-90-90 Strategy
4
Prison & Detention
4
For Older People
4
Guidelines
4
Medical & Community Masks
4
RCCE Guides & Manuals
4
Access & Strategy
4
Communication Material
4
Climate Change General
4
Falsified & Substandard
4
Supply Chain & Store Management
4
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
4
Health Impact & Climate Change
4
Health Care In Conflict Settings
4
MPOX -Monkeybox Prevention & Control
4
Studies & Reports
4
Studies & Reports
4
Access to treatment and laboratory
4
General Information & Methodology
4
Asia and Pacific
4
Training
4
Disaster Preparedness & Prevention
4
Dengue Prevention & Control
4
Nigeria
4
AmR (Region of Americas)
4
TB
4
Situation Reports, others
4
Capacity Building
4
Drugs
3
Vaccines & Immunization
3
Yellow Fever
3
HIV surveillance
3
Ukraine
3
South Africa
3
WASH
3
Assessment & Response
3
Infection Control
3
Eastern Mediterranean Region
3
Transgender People
3
Diverse Chemical Substances
3
General Studies & Reports
3
Drug resistance
3
Laboratory & Sampling
3
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
3
Sex Worker
3
Ethiopia
3
Situation Reports & Updates
3
Supporting tools
3
Health Personnel
3
COVID-19
3
Clinical Guidelines
3
For Migrants & Refugees
3
Protection of Vulnerable Groups
3
Food and Nutrition
3
Physical Distancing
3
Essential Medicines & Medical Devices
3
Blood Supply
3
Long-term Care Facilities
3
Ebola Treatment Center
3
TB/HIV
3
TB/COVID-19
3
Others
3
Others
3
Palliative Care
3
Pharmacy Practice
3
Quality Assurance
3
Traditional & Herbal Medicines
3
HIV &TB
3
Women & Maternal Health
3
Cancer
3
One Health
3
Epilepsy
3
Mental Disorders
3
Ukraine
3
Health Care Systems
3
Humanitarian Aid Guidelines
3
MPOX - Monkeypox
3
Best Practice Examples
3
Studies & Reports
3
Onchocerciasis
3
General
3
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP), Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
3
Romania
3
Training Material
3
others
3
Co-Morbidities (except TB)
3
Neurological Disorders
3
Technical Information
3
General Aspects
3
General
3
Malawi
3
One Health
3
AR (African Region)
3
Assessment & Response
3
Chikungunya Prevention & Control
3
Tajikistan
3
Epidemiology
3
WASH
3
South-east Asia Region
3
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
3
Public Health
3
Food & Nutrition
3
Global Health Ethics
3
Cyclones Idai & Kenneth
3
Africa
2
Public Health
2
Health Systems
2
Treatment Guidelines
2
Cocaine
2
Communication & Training
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Children with Disabilities
2
Moldova
2
Chemical Attacks
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Vector Control
2
Violence & Protection
2
Early Warning
2
WPRO (Western Pacific Region)
2
Plague
2
Context, Facts & Travel Advice
2
Assessment & Response
2
HIV testing & disclosure
2
Opoids
2
General Mental Health Guidelines
2
mhGAP Guides
2
Curricula & Core Competencies
2
TB
2
Tools for Rational use
2
Latin America
2
Ebola & Marburg
2
Adherence
2
SOPs
2
Standard Precautions
2
Ebola
2
Children
2
Discrimination & Stigma
2
Georgia
2
Country Guidelines
2
Training
2
GO pre-deployment training
2
Women's Mental Health
2
Medical professionals
2
Russia
2
Context & Facts
2
Livestock production
2
Public Health
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
2
For Parents & Children
2
Human Rights
2
Camps and Camp-like Settings
2
Gender Aspects
2
COVID-19
2
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
2
Oxygen Therapy
2
Situation Reports COVID-19
2
Tips & Best Practice Examples
2
Community Health
2
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)
2
Logistics & Supply
2
Fair Allocation & Ethical Aspects
2
SARS-CoV-2 Variants
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Health Promotion
2
Studies & Reports
2
Nurses
2
Colombia
2
Biodiversity shift
2
Reports
2
Urban health
2
Essential Medicines
2
Essential Medicines & Devices Lists
2
Pharmacy Management
2
Pharmaceutical Assessments
2
Strategies
2
Resuscitation
2
Pediatrics
2
Surgery
2
Guiding documents and principles
2
Environment
2
Public Health
2
General
2
Infectious Diseases
2
Others
2
WASH Water Sanitation & Hygiene
2
Heat
2
Appeals & Response Plans
2
Chagas
2
Leishmaniasis
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Statistics & Facts
2
Patient Safety
2
Vector control
2
Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis & other deep mycosis
2
Health Worker
2
Situation Reports & Updates
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
2
Prevention & Strategies
2
Prevention & Strategies
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
2
Studies & Reports
2
Prevention & Strategies
2
Botswana
2
Ghana
2
General
2
Community Worker
2
TB/HIV Global
2
For Community Health Workers
2
Education of students & professionals
2
Health Care Systems
2
Vision Loss & Blindness
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
International
2
Situation Reports
2
Public Health Administration
2
Tobacco
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Kazakhstan
2
WASH
2
Cholera
2
MHPSS Guidelines
2
Psychosocial Support
2
Context & Facts
2
Lobby and Advocacy
2
Epidemiology
2
Depression
2
Prisoners
2
Meningitis & Encephalitis
2
Situation Reports & Updates
2
Eastern and Southern Africa
2
Gender Aspects
1
Best Practice Models
1
Rapid Response
1
Cholera Situation Reports
1
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
1
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
1
Behaviour Change/Life Skill Education
1
Male Circumcision
1
Advocacy
1
Intellectual Disability
1
Local Action
1
TB & Drug Abuse
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Training
1
Faith-based Organizations
1
Communication & Training
1
Background PTSD in children
1
Explosives
1
Training
1
Surgery & Rehabilitation
1
Physical Disability
1
Mental Health
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
Policies & Programmes
1
Neuropsychology of Trauma
1
Training Manuals
1
Germany
1
Inclusion
1
Dengue
1
Measures ICF/ Model Disability Survey
1
Platforms and initiatives
1
Humanitarian Crisis
1
Latin America
1
Public Health
1
Public Health
1
Namibia
1
Stroke
1
Orphans & vulnerable children
1
Sexually Transmitted Infections
1
Africa
1
Men who have sex with men (MSM)
1
Prevention & Control
1
Studies & Reports
1
Training Material
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
Prophylaxis
1
Vaccination
1
African Region
1
Advocacy
1
Laboratory
1
Sitreps & Updates
1
Public Health
1
Child Health / Pediatrics
1
Information for different audiences
1
Mental Health Guidelines
1
Belarus
1
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
1
HIV / AIDS
1
Key Resources
1
Key Resources
1
IEC Substance Use Disorders
1
Topics
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Online Courses & Resources
1
Clinical Aspects
1
Covid-19 & the One Health Approach
1
For General Public & Community
1
For Pregnant Women
1
COVID-19
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Child Protection
1
Scientific & Research Studies
1
Paediatrics
1
Encyclical Letters
1
Mental Health
1
Vaccination & Strategy
1
Vaccine Candidates & Research
1
COVID-19 Vaccination
1
Environmental NPIs
1
Psychosocial Support
1
COVAX Initiative
1
Moderna
1
Biontech/Pfizer Comirnaty
1
Research & Pipeline
1
Caregiver
1
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
1
Patient care
1
Waste Management
1
Primary Care
1
Midwives
1
Planetary Boundaries
1
Agriculture
1
Overview & reports
1
Green & healthy living
1
Clean air
1
Model Formulary
1
Medicine Donations
1
Intensive Care Unit
1
Freshwater use
1
Agriculture incl. animal husbandry
1
Disaster, Migration and Conflict
1
Humanitarian Crisis
1
Climate Change
1
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
1
Information Refugees Ukraine
1
Prevention & Measures
1
Mental Health
1
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
1
Education Principles
1
Ethics
1
COVID-19
1
More Information Refugee and Health
1
Planetary Boundaries Overview
1
Strategies & Roadmaps
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Information & Education Material (IEC)
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Prevention & Control
1
NTDs General
1
Policies & Strategies
1
Leptospirosis
1
Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
1
West and central Africa
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Poor Diet
1
Armenia
1
Diagnosis
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Asia
1
Children's Rights
1
General
1
Conflict
1
Liberia
1
Hearing Loss & Deafness
1
Zika
1
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
1
Assistive devices & technologies
1
Protection
1
Regional Reports & Guidelines, others
1
National Emergency Response Plans
1
Regions
1
Asia
1
Prophylactic Treatment
1
Miscellaneous
1
Nutrition
1
Lesotho
1
Technical Information
1
General Public
1
HIV and coinfection
1
Travel Medicine
1
Others
1
Global Health Institutions and Stakeholders
1
Other Resources
1
Europe
1
Best Pratice Examples
1
Communication Tools
1
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
1
Planetary Health
1
Guidelines CBR
1
Laboratory
1
Paediatrics
1
Marburg Virus Situation Reports
1
Global Health Financing
1
Safe Burials
1
Chikungunya
1
Key Resources
1
Public Health
1
Neurological disorders, Others
1
Reproductive Health
1
Plague Prevention & Control
1
Communication & Training
1
Treatment & Clinical Management
1
В сборнике представлены статьи специалистов в сфере охраны психического здоровья по различным академическим дисциплинам, включая общую медицину, психиатрию, пси...
Large-Scale UN Response Needed to Address Health and Food Crises
This report is based on interviews with more than 150 health care professionals, Venezuelans seeking or in need of medical care who recently arrived in Colombia and Brazil, representatives from international and nongovernmental humani...
Technical Note on Antimicrobial Resistance
This document reflects UNICEF’s response to the growing global threat of AMR to child survival, growth and development. It identifies UNICEF’s AMR-specific and AMR-sensitive actions in reducing infections, promoting access to and optimal use of antimic...
The scale of West Africa’s Ebola epidemic has been attributed to the weak health systems of affected countries,
their lack of resources, the mobility of communities and their inexperience in dealing with Ebola. This briefing for African Affairs argues that these explanations lack important contex...
WHO mhGAP Guideline update
recommended
Update of the Mental Health Gap Action Programme
(mhGAP) Guideline for Mental, Neurological and Substance use Disorders May 2015
Recomendaciones para un enfoque de salud pública
Segunda edición 2016
This course describes the health effects of war, weapons and strategies of violent conflict. Beginning with weapons of mass destruction it then moves on to other weapons and strategies of war such as the use of landmines and mass rape. The course concludes with a number of lessons which give an hist...
An international field study by African and German theologicans and health workers.
HOW ICAP IS BUILDING NURSING AND MIDWIFERY CAPACITY AND STRENGTHENING HEALTH SYSTEMS
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) as a cost-effective intervention for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in endemic areas. This study was conducted to investigate: (1) the exten...
This study addresses part of the Terms of Reference for a scoping report ‘An analysis of approaches to laboratory capacity strengthening for drug resistant infections in low and middle income countries’. It has been produced as a separate report because it is also very relevant for a second stud...
Only 8,730 asylum applications were registered in the EU+ in April, the lowest since at least 2008, and a massive 87% decrease from pre-COVID-19 levels in January and February.
The European Asylum Support Office (EASO) has released a special report which shows that the COVID-19 related travel restr...
The COVID-19 pandemic is having far reaching impacts, well beyond the health crisis and needs, with the most severe impacts experienced in the poorest countries and those most vulnerable to humanitarian crises including natural disasters, such as Nepal.
Over nine years of protracted and violent conflict in Syria has decimated its health system,killed an estimated 586,000 people and forcibly displaced more than half the 22 million pre-war population from their homes. As of June 2020, a total of 6.2 million Syrians (of whom 40% are children) are inte...
Zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) is a form of TB in people predominantly caused by the bacterial species, Mycobacterium bovis, which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex. The implications of zoonotic TB go beyond human health. The organism is host-adapted to cattle, where it is refer...
Five years after a global commitment to Fast-Track the HIV response and end AIDS by 2030, the world is off track. A promise to build on the momentum created in the first decade of the twenty-first century by front-loading investment and accelerating HIV service provision has been fulfilled by too fe...
Five years after a global commitment to Fast-Track the HIV response and end AIDS by 2030, the world is off track. A promise to build on the momentum created in the first decade of the twenty-first century by front-loading investment and accelerating HIV service provision has been fulfilled by too fe...
This document provides interim guidance on the management of the blood supply in response to the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It emphasizes the importance of being prepared and responding quickly and outlines key actions and measures that the blood services should take to mit...
It explains the importance of faecal sludge management in urban areas in which many people rely on on-site and decentralized sanitation facilities and emphasizes the place of treatment in the overall sanitation service chain. It defines terms used throughout the book, explains why faecal sludge and ...
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it is endemic in Central, South America, Mexico and the
South of the United States. It is an important cause of early mortality and morbidity, and it is associated with poverty and stigma. A third of
the cases evolve into chronic...
