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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Communication toolkit to promote prudent antibiotic use aimed at primary care prescribers

European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC (2009) C2

The toolkit offers advice on how national public health authorities could engage with primary care prescribers so as to promote appropriate and responsible use of antibiotics. The toolkit contains template materials and some suggested key messages for health professionals, idea... more

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Implementing the SAFE Strategy for Trachoma Control

Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2006) CC

Trachoma causes more vision loss and blindness than any other infection in the world. This disease is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. Other variants or strains of these bacteria can cause a sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia) and disease in lymph nodes. This is photomicrograph ... more

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Comprehensive Hospital Preparedness Checklist for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2020) C_CDC

The following checklist can help hospitals assess and improve their preparedness for responding to a community-wide outbreak of COVID-19. Each hospital will need to adapt this checklist to meet its unique needs and circumstances. This checklist should be used as one of several tools for evaluating c... more

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Guidelines for Using the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Test for Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection, United States

G. H. Mazurek, J. Jereb, P. LoBue et. al Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) C_CDC

MMWR. Recommendations and Reports: December 16, 2005 / 54(RR15);49-55

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Cardiac Rehabilitation Change Package

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2018) CC

This Cardiac Rehabilitation Change Package was completed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) with the purpose of helping cardiac rehabilitation programs, hospital quality improv... more

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The Core Elements of Human Antibiotic Stewardship Programs in Resource-Limited Settings

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2018) C_CDC

Antibiotic stewardship refers to coordinated efforts and activities that seek to measure and improve use of antibiotics. Implementation of ASPs has demonstrated positive public health and clinical impacts including reducing costs, lengths of hospital stays, and the burden of antibiotic resistance wh... more

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Roundtable on Hospital Communications in a Mass Casualty Radiological Event

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003) C_CDC

On January 14-16, 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) held a communications roundtable in Atlanta, Georgia, to explore hospitals' challenges in communicating with internal and external audiences in communitywide emergencies involving radioactive materials. The roundtable, Hosp... more

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Infórmese sobre la enfermedad tuberculosa

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2022) C_CDC

Quizás le hayan dicho recientemente que tiene la enfermedad de la TB. Puede que se sienta algo confundido; esto es normal. Usted está recibiendo mucha información nueva. Es posible que le sirva leer este folleto y enterarse de lo que dicen algunas personas como usted sobre la TB

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Seguir el tratamiento con los TB Tuberculosis medicamentos para la tuberculosis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2022) C_CDC

Lea este folleto para informarse sobre la TB y lo que puede hacer para curarse. Colóquelo a mano para consultarlo y leerlo cuando tenga preguntas. Siga el tratamiento para curarse de la TB.

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Africa Joint Continental Strategy for COVID-19 Outbreak

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C2

Accessed: 02.04.2020

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Infection Control for Viral Haemorraghic Fever in the African Health Care Setting. Section 5

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , WHO (1998)

Disinfect Reusable Supplies and Equipment

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Improvised Nuclear Device (IND): Community Reception Center (CRC) Questionnaire Bank

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) C_CDC

Following a radiation incident such as an improvised nuclear device (IND) detonation, state and local response authorities will need to establish one or more population monitoring and decontamination facilities to assess people for radioactive exposure, contamination, and the need for decontamin... more

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Tome medidas para controlar la tuberculosis (TB) si tiene el HIV

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2022) C_CDC

Las personas con el VIH también corren el riesgo de contraer TB. Lea este folleto hoy para aprender sobre la TB y el VIH. Luego comparta lo que aprenda con su familia y sus amigos.

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Lo que usted necesita saber sobre la infección de TB

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2022) C_CDC

Tome medidas para asegurarse de que la infección de TB no avance a la enfermedad de TB. Lea este folleto para aprender a controlar su salud.

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Lo que necesita saber sobre la prueba cutánea de la tuberculina

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2022) C_CDC

La prueba cutánea de la tuberculina le indicará si alguna vez ha tenido los microbios de la tuberculosis (TB) en el cuerpo.

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Guidelines for Handling Decedents Contaminated with Radioactive Materials

Wood MC, DePaolo, F, Whitaker RD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2007) C_CDC

Detonation of a nuclear weapon or activation of a radiological dispersal device could cause radioactively contaminated decedents. These guidelines are designed to address both of these scenarios. They could also be applicable in other instances where decedents’ bodies are contaminated with radioa... more

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Special edition: HIV in MSM

I. Steffens; K. Hagmaier; K. Wilson; et al. Eurosurveillance (Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiology, prevention and control); European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2015) C2

Eurosurveillance Impact Factor 5.7 June 2015 www.eurosurveillance.org Featuring a series of articles on HIV and STI epidemiology, prevention and control among MSM in Europe

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Recommendations for Stepwise Response to COVID-19

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; AMREF; ASLM; et al. (2020) C2

March 2020 This document provides a high-level mapping of outbreak stages with guidance on how to time the minimum uptake of different interventions that have been recommended by Africa CDC, driven by evidence and science.

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Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Training Manual

WHO Collaborating Centre for Capacity Building and Research in Community-based Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India. World Health Organization WHO, India (2019) C_WHO

WHO Package of Essential NCD Interventions (PEN) Accessed March 18,2019