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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Experience of living with type 1 diabetes in a low-income country: a qualitative study from Liberia

Adler, A.J.; Trujillo, C.; Schwartz, L.; et al. BMJ Journals (2021) CC

While epidemiological data for type 1 diabetes (T1D) in low/middle-income countries, and particularly low-income countries (LICs) including Liberia is lacking, prevalence in LICs is thought to be increasing. T1D care in LICs is often impacted by challenges in diagnosis and management. These challeng... more

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The burden of severe asthma in sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from the African Severe Asthma Project

Kirenga, B.J.; Chakaya, J.; Yimer, G. et al. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global (2024) CC

Severe asthma is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization, but its burden in Africa is unknown. This article wants to determine the burden (prevalence, mortality, and activity and work impairment) of severe asthma in 3 countries in East Africa: Uganda, Kenya, and Ethio... more

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Mpox Continental Preparedness and Response Plan for Africa
recommended

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2024) C_WHO

On August 13, 2024, the Africa CDC declared the mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS). The following day, the WHO declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). A coordinated, continent-wide response is essential, co-led by the African Union... more

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Guidelines for the management of chronic asthma in adolescents and adults

Lalloo, U.; Wong, M.; Abdool-Gaffar, S. et al. South African Family Practice (2007) CC

Asthma prevalence is increasing worldwide and surveys indicate that the majority of patients in developed and developing countries do not receive optimal care and are therefore not well controlled. The aim of these guidelines is to promote a better standard of treatment based on advances in the unde... more

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Asthma Myths

Allergy Foundation South Africa (2018) CC2

Myth: It’s better to ‘tough it out’ without taking asthma medication. The lungs do not get stronger or become better able to deal with asthma if a person tries to work through an attack without medication. In fact, the lung inflammation that goes along with an attack (see what is asthma) ... more

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IRC Health Strategy 2023-2027

International Rescue Committee (2023) CC

The International Rescue Committee (IRC) is a leading humanitarian agency dedicated to helping people whose lives have been shattered by conflict and disaster to survive, recover, and gain control of their future. Health comprises nearly half of IRC’s program portfolio globally and encompasses thr... more

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Voluntary non-remunerated blood donations to ensure blood safety in the WHO South-East Asia Region to support universal health coverage

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Access to safe blood and blood products is recognized as one of the key requirements for delivery of modern health care in the journey towards health for all. The foundation of safe and sustainable blood supplies depends on the collection of blood from voluntary non-remunerated and low-risk donors. ... more

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10 promising practices from the Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) in Europe

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR (2023) CC

UNHCR invested significantly in risk mitigation, prevention and response to sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in the Europe region in 2022-2023, in particular in connection with the Ukraine emergency, where the risks were considered high due to the unprecedented scale and speed of displacement, mo... more

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Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) Country Report Zimbabwe

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

The Mapping Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Partnership (MAAP) project has conducted a multi-year, multi-country study that provides stark insights on the under-reported depth of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis across Africa and lays out urgent policy recommendations to addr... more

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Antibiotic Guidelines, 2019 (First edition) - Myanmar

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

This is the first edition of Empiric Antibiotic Guidelines, as a guidance to all medical practitioners at North Okklapa General & Teaching Hospital. Antibiotics are critical in the management of infection and can have a significant impact in reducing morbidity and mortality. Emerging antimicrobia... more

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Undernourished and Overlooked: A Global Nutrition Crisis in Adolescent Girls and Women.

UNICEF (2023) C_UNICEF

There has been important progress for the rights of adolescent girls and women in recent decades, yet millions still struggle to access the nutritious diets, essential nutrition services and nutrition and care practices they need to prevent malnutrition. Undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies ... more

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Joint Operational Framework Health and Protection

Protection Cluster; UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2023) C1

Each humanitarian setting provides distinct opportunities and challenges for actors to coordinate and collaborate at strategic and operational levels. The Health and Protection Joint Operational Framework has been developed to ensure that the health and protection response during humanitarian emerge... more

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An Invisible Crisis: Exploring Mental Health needs in the Syrian and Iraqi Crises

Médecins du Monde (2018) C1

It highlights the numerous challenges to quality service provision, along with the organisation’s response to mental health needs, and recommendations for international and regional decision-makers including: - Advocating and working towards mental health policies that support adequate funding f... more

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Learning Modules. COVID-19 Vaccines in Pregnancy and Safe Breastfeeding

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2023) C_WHO

This is an e-learning module with the objective of providing education for health professionals and pregnant women using published results and studies based on COVID-19 surveillance data, which have indicated an increased risk among pregnant women of presenting with severe forms of COVID-19 and, the... more

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MSF Essential Drugs - Practical Guidelines 2022
recommended

Médecins sans Frontières MSF Médecins sans Frontières (2022) C2

Practical guide intended for physicians, pharmacists, nurses and medical auxiliaries. This guide is not a dictionary of pharmacological agents. It is a practical manual intended for health professionals, physicians, pharmacists, nurses and health auxiliaries invoved in curative care and drug managem... more

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Advancing gender equality and climate action: A practical guide to setting targets and monitoring progress

Climate & Development Knowledge Network (2022) C1

Women have less access to the development services and support – such as adequate healthcare, education and modern technology – that make people more resilient to climate change and other shocks and stressors.2 Women’s unequal access to resources, their disproportionate responsibility for ca... more

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WHO policy brief: COVID-19 testing, 14 September 2022

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the challenges countries face for maintaining their COVID-19 response while addressing competing public health challenges, conflicts, climate change and economic crises. It remains critical for national programmes to continue to offer testing for COVI... more

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Lymphatic filariasis: managing morbidity and preventing disability: an aide-mémoire for national programme managers, second edition

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Lymphatic filariasis: managing morbidity and preventing disability: an aide-mémoire for national programme managers, second edition: web annex A: protocol for evaluating minimum package of care of morbidity management and disability prevention for lymphoedema management in designated health facilit... more

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WHO COVID-19 policy brief: building trust through risk communication and community engagement, 14 September 2022

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

The guidance notes describe key actions that policy-makers at national and subnational levels can take in relation to: diagnostic testing for COVID-19, clinical management of COVID-19, meeting targets for vaccination against COVID-19, maintaining infection control measures for COVID-19 in health-car... more

Mpox Continental Preparedness and Response Plan for Africa recommended

MSF Essential Drugs - Practical Guidelines 2022 recommended

Mpox Continental Preparedness and Response Plan for Africa
recommended

MSF Essential Drugs - Practical Guidelines 2022
recommended