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The WHO handbook “Epidemiological Data Analysis for the Early Warning Alert and Response Network (EWARN) in Humanitarian Emergencies” explains how to collect, analyse, interpret, and share health data during crises such as conflicts or natural disasters. It is a practical guide for health and su
...
rveillance officers to detect disease outbreaks early and guide quick public health responses. The document outlines steps for managing data at different levels (local, regional, national), analysing disease trends by time, place, and person, and using indicators to monitor outbreak risks. It also provides methods for interpreting and communicating results clearly to decision-makers to support effective health interventions in emergencies.
more
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS | (2022)9:295 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01312-3 .
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly Southern and East Africa, has the highest AIDS deaths
and HIV-infected people in the world. Even though considerable effort has been made over
the yea
...
rs to study HIV transmission risk behaviours of different population groups in SSA,
there is little evidence of studies that have looked at pooled effects of associated HIV risk
factors among men, particularly in Southern Africa.
more
Rights of employees who are HIV-positive. HIV-positive employees will be protected against discrimination, victimisation or harassment
These guidelines update earlier WHO recommendations to maximize the HIV prevention impact of safe VMMC services and aim to guide the transition to the sustained provision of interventions with a focus on the health and well-being of both adolescent boys and men.
CDC leads an international surveillance effort to estimate the occurrence of HIV drug resistance among people with HIV who are taking dolutegravir (DTG)-based treatments. This surveillance effort utilizes Cyclical Acquired HIV Drug Resistance Surveillance (CADRE), a laboratory-based HIV drug resista
...
nce monitoring process.
more
Measles is one of the most contagious diseases for humans. It is caused by a paramyxovirus virus, manifesting as a febrile rash illness. The incubation period for measles usually is 10–14 days (range 7–23 days) from exposure to symptom onset. Initial symptoms (prodrome) generally consist of feve
...
r, malaise, cough, conjunctivitis, and coryza. The characteristic maculopapular rash appears two to four days after onset of the prodrome. Patients are usually contagious from about four days before rash onset until four days after its appearance.
more
A primer for health centers
This ToR outlines the background, purpose,
audience, and use of the evaluation, objective and key evaluation questions,
methodological considerations, timeline and deliverables, and the technical
requirements the prospective evaluation team should meet
Preprint VeriXiv 2025, 2:226 Last updated: 20 OCT 2025
Journal of Adolescent Health 2022 1-16
Policy Brief
Data for Global Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence
Fitzner, J.; – WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence
World Health Organization (WHO)
(2025)
C_WHO
The presentation “Data for Global Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence” outlines how improved data collection, surveillance, analytics, and digital tools can strengthen global preparedness and response to health emergencies. It explains the concept of epidemic intelligence, highlighting the integr
...
ation of multiple data sources—such as traditional surveillance, genomics, open-source information, and modelling—to support timely and evidence-based decision-making. The presentation also showcases initiatives of the WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, including collaborative data platforms, pathogen genomics networks, analytic communities of practice, and a decision-support pandemic simulator designed to enhance rapid, coordinated responses to future outbreaks.
more
The paper “Artificial Intelligence for Public Health Surveillance in Africa: Applications and Opportunities” examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can improve public health systems across Africa, particularly in low-resource settings. It explores how machine learning and other AI techniques
...
are being used for disease detection, outbreak prediction, real-time surveillance, and health resource management.
The authors focus on major public health challenges such as HIV, cholera, Ebola, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, COVID-19, and mental health. Through numerous case studies, the paper shows that AI can enhance the accuracy and speed of disease detection, predict outbreaks more effectively than traditional methods, support vaccination strategies, and optimize healthcare resource allocation. At the same time, it discusses important barriers to implementation, including limited data quality, infrastructure constraints, ethical concerns, and shortages of technical expertise.
Overall, the paper highlights AI’s strong potential to strengthen disease surveillance and health outcomes in Africa while emphasizing the need for careful integration, improved data systems, and supportive policy frameworks.
more
The document “Public Health Surveillance for Cholera – Guidance Document (2024)” provides practical recommendations for countries on how to design, implement, and strengthen cholera surveillance systems. Developed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), it outlines the minimum req
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uirements for detecting, confirming, reporting, and monitoring cholera cases and outbreaks.
The guidance explains the core functions of cholera surveillance, including case detection, laboratory testing (such as RDTs, culture, and PCR), routine data collection, outbreak notification, case and field investigation, data analysis, and performance monitoring. It also describes how surveillance strategies should be adapted depending on whether a country is experiencing no outbreak, clustered transmission, or community transmission.
Overall, the document aims to help countries establish adaptive, fit-for-purpose surveillance systems that enable early outbreak detection, guide timely response measures, and support long-term cholera control and elimination efforts.
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The document “Interim Guidelines – Infectious Disease Outbreak Response and Analytic System” published by the United Nations provides a framework for how UN missions and organizations should detect, report, analyze, and respond to infectious disease outbreaks. It outlines a coordinated system
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for monitoring health threats, collecting and analyzing epidemiological data, and guiding decision-making during outbreaks. The guidelines define roles and responsibilities for different actors within the UN system, describe procedures for outbreak reporting and risk assessment, and emphasize early detection, information sharing, and coordinated response measures to protect personnel and maintain operational continuity during public health emergencies.
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World Health Organization (2018). A practical guide for developing and conducting simulation exercises to test and validate pandemic influenza preparedness plans. World Health Organization.
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (2018). Практическое руководство по разработке и проведению имитационных учений в целях проверки и подтверждения планов обес
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ечения готовности к пандемическому гриппу. Всемирная организация здравоохранения.
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PLoS ONE 18(12): e0295920. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295920. PLHIV were largely unaware and sceptical of U = U as the message appeared to contradict
the mainstream HIV prevention clinical guidance.
medRxiv preprint;https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.18.26346597. This model application demonstrates that the sudden cessation of USAID and CDC
commitments in the largest HIV epidemic in the world leads to increased incidence and mortality
and threatens decades of progress in KZN, South Africa. Rest
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oring funding within 12 months
and increasing efficiency of HIV interventions can reestablish KwaZulu Natal province, South
Africa’s trajectory toward EHE goals.
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The decriminalization of drug use and possession for personal use, when implemented effectively, is a critical element in a human rights and public health-based HIV response. The group of countries that have adopted decriminalization models spans all continents. This document brings together differe
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nt approaches to and experiences of decriminalization of drug use and possession for personal use and provides recommendations for countries to ensure an enabling environment for the HIV response.
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