AMREF Health Africa, Health System Advocacy Partnership
1
Amterdam Institute for Global health & Development aighd
1
Analysis Hub
1
and C.J. Arnson
1
and F. Morgado
1
and P. Reijer
1
and R.O'Neill
1
Arantes Beatriz, L. B.
1
Argote P., Barhan E., Zukerman Daly S. et al.
1
Asean Briefing
1
ASEDP (Asociación Salvadoreña para el Estudio y Tratamiento del Dolor y Cuidados Paliativos)
1
Asseburg, M.
1
Assessment Capacities Project ACAPS
1
AWO
1
B. Cao
1
B. Ezenwa
1
B. Mason Meier
1
B. N. Ezenwa, I. B. Fajolu, O. R. Akinajo, et al.
1
Banda, H.T. et al.
1
BC Centre for Disease Control
1
Bender L.
1
Berger, S.
1
Bham A., J. Bhiman, F. Bongweni et al.
1
Bham, A.
1
Biccard, B.M.
1
Bing Lin A. B., M.L Dietrich, R.A.Senior, et al.
1
Bixby, H.
1
Blankenfeld H., H. Kaduszkiewicz, M. M. Kochen et al.
1
BMC Health Services Research, part of Springer Nature
1
BMC Public Health
1
BMJ
1
BMJ Open Science
1
Bo Peng , Rowland W. Pettit, and Christopher I. Amos
1
Bozorgmehr, K.
1
British Medical Association BMA
1
British Society for Immunology
1
Budreviciute, A.
1
Bundesgesundheitsblatt
1
Bureau régional de l’OMS pour l’Afrique
1
C. Clift
1
C. Ferreira-Borges
1
C. Hoffmann, et al.
1
C. Perplies
1
C. Victora and M. Chowdury.
1
Camp, R. and C. Hoffmann
1
CAP-China
1
Caqueo-Urízar A., Urzúa A. et al
1
CARE
1
Carrillo-Larco
1
Carruther E., A. Veizis, E. Kondilis, et al.
1
Catholic Agency for Overseas Development CAFOD
1
CDA Collaborative Learning Projects
1
Center for Operational Analysis and Research COAR
1
Center for Public Interest Communications, University of Florida
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1
Central Pollution Control Board (Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change)
1
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor
1
Centre d’études stratégiques de l’Afrique
1
Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias
1
CERAH
1
Cerda A. A., Garcia L. Y.
1
Cesare, M.D.
1
Charles Phiilipe de Lucena AlvesJoão de Deus Barreto Segundo, Gabriel Gonçalves da Costa et al.
1
Cheesbrough, M.
1
China-Japan Friendship Hospital
1
Chipungu, C.
1
Chu, D.K.
1
Cilliers, J.
1
Civil Society 20 (C20) - Saudi Arabia 2020
1
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
1
Cobas
1
Cochrane
1
Cochrane Library
1
Collective Service RCCE
1
Columbia University, IFRC, Protection Cluster, et al.
1
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
1
Community Health Impact Coalition
1
Conflict and Health
1
Cook, R.
1
Coregroup
1
COVID-19 Response
1
Cullen M.
1
D. Antognini, A. Combes, et al.
1
D. B. Evans
1
Damiati, S.
1
de Man P, van den Dobbelsteen J, et al.
1
Degam
1
Department for International Development DFID
1
Department of Health & Family Welfare Government of Kerala
1
Department of Health South Africa
1
Dept. of Psychiatry
1
Desogus, A.
1
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
1
DGVS Paraguay
1
Dheda, K.
1
DHS Program Demographic and Health Surveys
1
DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA, CALIDAD E INNOVACIÓN
1
Dirección General de Vigilancia de la Salud (DGVS)
1
Divya Nair, Nisha Hariharan, Raghav Adlakha, et al.
1
DNDi - Drugs for neglected diseases initiative
1
Dorcas Aid International
1
Doubova SV, Leslie HH, Kruk ME, et al.
1
Dr. J. Breda
1
Dr. med. Thorben Doll, Johannes Pott
1
Dr. P. Abraham
1
Dr. P. Amoth
1
Dr. S. K. Kibias
1
Dr. V. Potdar
1
Dr. Y.K. Gurav
1
Dra. Ximena Garzón et al.
1
E. Levy Yeyati
1
E. Ross
1
E. Webb, M. Mckee et al.
1
E.A Akl, S. Duda, et al.
1
Economist Impact
1
EFSA
1
EFSA Journal
1
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
1
Emelurumonye I. N., A. Miglietta
1
Emergency Nutrition Network ENN
1
EpiC
1
EQUINET
1
Escritório Regional da OMS para a África
1
ESMAP
1
et al
1
et al.,
1
et. al.
1
Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority
1
Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority
1
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
1
EU European Union
1
EUAA European Union
1
EuroHealth Observer
1
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership EDCTTP
1
European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS)
1
European Asylum Support Office
1
European Centre for disease prevention and Control
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC, IOM
1
European Commission EC
1
European Investment Bank EIB and UN Development Programme UNDP
1
European Medicines Agency EMA
1
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Eurostation
1
European Public Health Alliance
1
European Resuscitation Council ERC
1
European Society of Cardiology
1
European specialist nurse organisation (ESN)
1
European Union EU
1
F. Bozzani et al.
1
F. Filippini
1
Fajolu, I.
1
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development BMZ
1
Ferraretto, L.A.
1
Ferres M., Potin M.
1
FinalMile
1
Find
1
First Draft, Yale Insitute for Global Health
1
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO and African Union AU
1
Food for the Hungry et al.
1
Foundation for Innovative and New Diagnostics
1
Frase N. S.
1
Fuller, R.
1
Future Learn, ASLM
1
G, Zambrano, E Salgato, F. M. Moyano et al.
1
G.H. Wills, E. Wobudeya, et al.
1
Gabrys, J.
1
Garcia, P.J.
1
Gaziano, T. et al.
1
GEF
1
Geffert,K., N. Rupp und S. Mauder
1
Gideon
1
Global Asthma Network
1
Global Dynamics of Social Policy
1
Global Handwashing Partnership
1
Global Heart
1
Global Institute for Asthma
1
Global MediXchange for Combating COVID-19 (GMCC)
1
Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI
1
Global Polio Eradication Initiative GPEI
1
Global Task Force On Cholera Control (GTFCC)
1
GMDAC, University of Potsdam
1
GOAL
1
GOARN
1
GOARN Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) Coordination Working Group, et al.
1
Goodman, T.
1
Gottlieb N., N. Davidovitch, D. F. Filc et al.
1
Gottlieb, N., M. Hintermeier, K. Bozorgmehr
1
Government of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
1
Government of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Directorate General of Health Services (EMR Division)
1
Government of Libya, World Health Organization (WHO)
1
Government of lndia Department ol Health Research Ministry of Health & Family Welfare & Director-General, ICMR
1
Government of Malawi
1
Government of Nigeria
1
Government of South Sudan
1
Government of the United Kingdom
1
Government of Uganda
1
Government of Zambia
1
Govt. Ethiopia, OCHA
1
Govt. of the State of Palestine
1
Greenhalgh, T.
1
Greinacher, A., et al.
1
Guzman-Vilca, W. C.
1
H. Adler, Gould, S.
1
H. Azizi, G. Dalay and M. Pieper
1
Haarmann, E.
1
Haldane, V., De Foo, C., Abdalla, S.M. et al.
1
Half of Syria
1
Handicap International
1
Harrison, J.A.K.
1
Hasker E, Hope A, Bottieau E.
1
Hategeka C, Carter SE, Chenge FM, et al.
1
Health Care without Harm
1
Health Cluster
1
Health Cluster & Shelter Cluster Iraq
1
Health Cluster, Nutrition Cluster, OCHA
1
Health Cluster, WHO
1
health Department: Health Republic of South Africa
1
Health Department: Republic of South Africa
1
Health Policy and Planning
1
Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HSE)
1
Health Sector Cox Bazar
1
Health Sector Syria
1
Helliwell, John F., Richard Layard, Jeffrey Sachs, and Jan-Emmanuel De Neve
1
HelpAge
1
Hine, P.
1
Honein MA, Christie A, Rose DA, et al.
1
Horizon Medical Education
1
Hospital Divina Providencia
1
Hotline in a Box
1
hpsc
1
Human Resources for Health
1
Human Rights Watch
1
Humanitarian Bulletin Ethiopia
1
Humanitarian Response et al.
1
Humans Rights Watch
1
IACAPAP
1
IAWG on Reproductive Health in Crises, IPPF, JSI, et al.
1
ICMHD
1
IHME Institut for Health Metrics and Evaluation
1
ILO
1
iMMAP
1
Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
1
Indian Council of Medical Research (icmd)
1
Indian Council of Medical Research Department of Health Research
1
Iniciativa ETMI-PLUS
1
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
1
Institute for security Studies
1
Institute for Security Studies ISS
1
Inter-Agency Standing Comittee IASC
1
Inter-Agency Standing Committee IASC, et al.
1
Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in CrisesInternational Rescue Committee
1
InterAction
1
International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC
1
International council of Nurses
1
International Diabetes Federation IDF
1
International Disability and Development Consortium (IDDC)
1
International Organization for Migration
1
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
1
International Organization for Migration IOM (14 - 27 June 2020)
1
International Rescue Committee, et al.
1
International Society of Nephrology
1
IOM UN Migration
1
IRC
1
Iribarren, S.
1
Irish Aid
1
Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS)
1
J. Bhiman, F. Bongweni et al.
1
J. Bueno de Mesquita
1
J. Tjaden
1
J.de D. Barreto Segundo, G.Gonçalves da Costa, et al.
1
JAMIA Open
1
Jara A., Undurraga E. A. et al
1
Jassat, W.
1
Jesuit Worldwide Learning
1
Jindal, D.
1
John Hopkins Bloomberg School
1
John Hopkins Center for Communication Programs
1
Johns Hopkins University
1
Julián-Jiménez, A.
1
K. Doerholt
1
K. Freeborn
1
K. Hauck
1
K. Khalid, A.Wharton-Smith, et al.
1
K. Lancaster
1
K. Quy
1
Kalla, I.S.
1
Kaloti R., R. Kafri, H. Meghari
1
Karen LeBan , Maryse Kok and Henry B. Perry
1
Kenya Ministry of Health
1
Khdr Sabir, D. et al.
1
Kim, A.
1
King E. J., N. Zotova
1
Kleynhans, J.
1
Koczulla, A Rembert
1
Kohler, S.
1
Kompetenznetz Public Health zu COVID-19
1
Kuate, L.M. et al.
1
Kuehn, B.M.
1
Kulkarni, S.
1
Kurowski, C.
1
l.
1
L. A Graybill
1
L. Biddle
1
Ladnaya, N.
1
Lalloo, U.G.
1
Lancet
1
Lancet Oncology Commission
1
Leon-Velarde, F.
1
lndian Councilof Medical Research
1
Logistics Cluster World Food Programme WFP
1
Logunov, D.Y, et al.
1
Lok Swasthya SEWA Trust and World Health Organization WHO India
1
LSHTM
1
Lucena Alves, C.P. de
1
M. Ballard, Bancroft E., Nesbit J., et al.
1
M. Dara
1
M. Fendt-Newlin, S. T. Al-Harahsheh, et al.
1
M. Langer
1
M. Nebuloni
1
M. Roser, P. Geldsetzer, T. Bärnighausen
1
M. S. Razai
1
Makwe, C.
1
Malawi Human Rights Commission
1
Maman, D.
1
MAMI, Irish Aid, Eleanor Crook Foundation
1
Martini M, M. Abdiker
1
Marty, F.M.
1
Marzouk M., Rayes D., Y. Douedari et al.
1
Massard da Fonseca, E.
1
Mauder, S., K. Geffert
1
MEDBOX Team
1
Meike J. Schleif, Iain Aitken , et al.
1
Millennium Development Goal Acceleration Initiative
1
Milligan H., Goodwin K., et al.
1
Ministerio de Salud Argentina
1
Ministerio de Salud Bolivia
1
Ministerio de Salud El Salvador
1
Ministerio de Salud y Proteccion Social Bogota, Colombia
1
Ministerio de Salud, Colombia
1
Ministery of Health and Familiy Welfare - Government of India
1
Ministery of Health and Family Welfare - Government of India
1
Ministério da Saúde, Brasil
1
Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde Brasil
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Directorate General of Health Services (EMR Division)
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Directorate General of Health Services EMR Division
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of Bangladesh, Directorate General of Health Services
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Goverment of India
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India
1
Ministry of Health and Wellness
1
Ministry of Health Ghana
1
Ministry of Health Rwanda, The DHS Program, et al.
1
Ministry of Health, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health, Liberia, World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1
Ministry of Health,Uganda
1
Ministry of Home Affairs
1
Ministry pf Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Montelongo, A.
1
Moreas Morelli, D.
1
Morse, J.M.
1
Mortimer, K.
1
Mosca D. T., C. Marotta, F. di Gennaro, et al.
1
Msomi, N.
1
Murphy, J.P.
1
Murray, C.J.L.
1
Mutale W.
1
N. Petrosillo
1
Nalbandian, A.
1
Nation Institute for Communicable Diseases
1
Nation Institute for Communicable Diseases - Division of the National Health Laboratory Service
1
Nation Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa
1
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
1
National Academy of Medicine
1
National Centre for Disease Control
1
National Department of Health (NDoH) South Africa
1
National Department of Health Directorate: Communicable Diseases
1
National Department of Health South-Africa
1
National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD)
1
National Institute of Disaster Management (nidm)
1
National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru India
1
National Institute of Virology (NIV)
1
nature medicine
1
National Centre for Disease Control
1
NDoH South Africa
1
Neil M Ferguson, Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati-Gilani, Natsuko Imai, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, Zulma Cucunubá, Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg, Amy Dighe, Ilaria Dorigatti, Han Fu, Katy Gaythorpe, Will Green, Arran Hamlet, Wes Hinsley, Lucy C Okell, Sabine van Elsland, Hayley Thompson, Robert Verity, Erik Volz, Haowei Wang, Yuanrong Wang, Patrick GT Walker, Caroline Walters, Peter Winskill, Charles Whittaker, Christl A Donnelly, Steven Riley, Azra C Ghani.
Intra-African migration remains a dominant trend in contemporary African migration. The Strategy frames the Organization’s new orientation with Africa at policy and strategic levels. It is consistent with the goals and objectives of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) ...to which almost all African countries adhere, as well as the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, the IOM strategic vision, and IOM Migration Governance Framework (MIGoF).more
A Situational Assessment and Five-YearAction Plan for the Africa CDC Strengthening Regional Public Health Institutions and Capacity for Surveillance and Response Program
The regional Migrant Response Plan (MRP) for the Horn of Africa and Yemen includes urgent life-saving humanitarian and protection interventions to improve safe and dignified access to basic services for migrants and host communities while ensuring medium- to long-term actions aimed at addressing the... drivers of migration.more
The recommendations cover the level of blood pressure to start medication, what type of medicine or combination of medicines to use, the target blood pressure level, and how often to have follow-up checks on blood pressure. In addition, the guideline provides the basis for how physicians and other h...ealth workers can contribute to improving hypertension detection and management.more
On 25 August, UN agencies and partners launched a US$187.3 million Flash Appeal to reach 500,000 of the most vulnerable people affected by the 14 August earthquake.
Around 650,000 people are in need of emergency humanitarian assistance in the three most affected departments – Grand’Anse, Nipp...es and Sud – where 634,000 were already in need of multisectoral assistance before the quake.
Based on lessons learned from past emergencies, humanitarian actors are aiming to capitalize on local and national level expertise, capacities and knowledge to promote a rapid and effective response tailored to the expressed needs of affected people.more
This publication is a compendium of 49 country examples highlighting efforts in improving refugees’ and migrants’ health following the adoption of the WHO Global Action Plan on Promoting the health of refugees and migrants at the seventy-second World Health Assembly, in May 2019.
This bulletin focuses on the situation in Ukraine and several key refugee-receiving countries (Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Slovakia), with the understanding that other countries in the European Region are also receiving Ukrainian refugees and WHO is pr...oviding technical support to them.more
This report presents findings from research conducted by Economist Impact to assess the health, demographic, social and economic impacts associated with different scenarios for financing the HIV epidemic across 13 selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The sponsorship of UNAIDS towards this repor...t is gratefully acknowledged. However, the findings and ideas expressed herein represent those of Economist Impact. They do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of UNAIDS, nor do they engage the responsibility of UNAIDS.more
This report highlights the work of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Zimbabwe towards contributing to the triple billion targets in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs
This checklist is an operational tool to help national authorities develop or revise national respiratory pathogen (inclusive of influenza and coronaviruses) pandemic preparedness plans.
Sexual abuse perpetrated against children is one of the most significant crises of our time. Child sexual abuse is a significant risk factor for children, in common with other forms of child maltreatment. Sexual abuse can have severe short- and long-term consequences on the physical, mental, social,... emotional and economic well-being of children, families and communities. In emergencies, the threat of all forms of child abuse and gender-based violence (GBV), including child sexual abuse, is acute and widespread.more
The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) began 30 years ago with the goal of providing timely, valid and relevant assessments of critical health outcomes. Over this period, the GBD has become progressively more granular. The latest iteration provides assessments of thousands of outcomes for diseases..., injuries and risk factors in more than 200 countries and territories and at the subnational level in more than 20 countries. The GBD is now produced by an active collaboration of over 8,000 scientists and analysts from more than 150 countries. With each GBD iteration, the data, data processing and methods used for data synthesis have evolved, with the goal of enhancing transparency and comparability of measurements and communicating various sources of uncertainty. The GBD has many limitations, but it remains a dynamic, iterative and rigorous attempt to provide meaningful health measurement to a wide range of stakeholders.more
sthma prevalence is increasing worldwide, and surveys indicate that most patients in developed and developing countries, including South Africa, do not receive optimal care and are therefore not well controlled. Standard management guidelines adapted to in-country realities are important to support ...optimal care. The South African Thoracic Society (SATS) first published a guideline for the management of chronic persistent asthma in 1992, which has subsequently been revised several times.
The main aim of the present document was to revise and update SATS’ statement on the suggested management of chronic asthma, based on the need to promote optimal care and control of asthma, together with the incorporation of new concepts and drug developments. This revised document reinforces optimal care and incorporates the following primary objectives to achieve the recent advances in asthma care:
• continued emphasis on the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as the foundation of asthma treatment
• to reduce the reliance on short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA) monotherapy for asthma symptoms
• to incorporate the evidence and strategy for the use of the combination of an ICS and formoterol for acute symptom relief (instead of a SABA)
• to incorporate the evidence and strategy for the use of as-needed ICS-long-acting beta agonists (LABA) for patients with infrequent symptoms or ‘mild’ asthma
• to incorporate the evidence and strategy for the use of a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) in combination with ICS-LABA; and
• to incorporate the evidence and strategy for the use of and management with a biologic therapy in severe asthma.more
This report is one of the first major products of the newly established Precision Public Health Metrics unit of the UCN cluster of the WHO Regional Office for Africa. The report presents national trends in communicable and non-communicable disease burden and control in the WHO African region. It tra...cks progress made with respect to disease burden reduction, elimination and eradication. It also highlights major emerging threats, opportunities and priorities in the fight against commu- nicable and non-communicable diseases in the region. It covers the period 2000-2022, but for some indicators, information is available only up to 2021.
The report shows the number of reported cases for malaria and vaccine preventable diseases (meningitis, measles, yellow fever, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio); disease incidence due to HIV, tuberculosis and four major noncommunicable diseases (cardiovas- cular diseases, cancers, diabetes and chronic respira- tory diseases).more
This fourth annual report monitors global progress towards the 2023 target for global elimination of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (TFA), highlighting achievements during the past year (October 2021 – September 2022). Countries are responding to the World Health Organization (WHO) call t...o action by putting into place best-practice TFA policies. Mandatory TFA policies are currently in effect for 3.4 billion people in 60 countries (43% of the world population); of these, 43 countries have best-practice policies in effect, covering 2.8 billion people (36% of the world population).
Over the past year, several additional countries took action to eliminate industrially produced TFA: best-practice policies came into effect in India in January 2022, Uruguay in May 2022 and Oman in July 2022. Best-practice policies were passed in Bangladesh in November 2021 (to come into effect in December 2022) and in Ukraine in September 2020 (to come into effect in October 2023), best-practice TFA policies are projected to pass soon in Mexico, Nigeria and Sri Lanka.more
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important contributor to mortality from noncommunicable diseases. No decrease has been seen for CKD mortality contrary to many other important non-communicable diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease). The prevalence of CKD and kidney failure are increasing all over... the world – and thereby also the need for dialysis. Unfortunately, the prevalence increases most rapidly in lowand middle-income countries. Globally, there are great inequities in access and quality of management of kidney failure. Many low- and middle-income countries cannot meet the increased need for dialysis. If the patients receive dialysis, it might only be for a limited period due to the out-of-pocket expenses. There are global disparities in CKD mortality reflecting the disparities in access to care. Lack of access to dialysis is an important cause of the increased CKD mortality in low- and middle-income countries.more
The 2023 update of the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention incorporates new scientific information about asthma based on a review of recent scientific literature by an international panel of experts on the GINA Science Committee. This comprehensive and practical resource about one o...f the most common chronic lung diseases worldwide contains extensive citations from the scientific literature and forms the basis for other GINA documents and programs.more
The HIV/AIDS Sustainability Index Dashboard is a tool completed every two years by President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) teams, host government and partner stakeholders to sharpen the understanding of each country’s sustainability landscape and to assist PEPFAR and other donors in ...making informed HIV/AIDS investment decisions. Based on responses to more than 100 questions, the SID assesses the current state of sustainability of national HIV/AIDS responses across 17 critical elements. Scores for these elements are displayed on a color-coded dashboard, together with contextual charts and information. As the SID is completed over time,
it will allow stakeholders to track progress and gaps across these key components of financial and programmatic sustainability.more
Antimicrobials are medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to these medicines, ren...dering them ineffective and making infections more difficult to treat. This resistance increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, disability, and death. Although AMR is a natural phenomenon driven by genetic
changes in pathogens, it is significantly accelerated by human activities such as the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in healthcare, agriculture, and animal husbandry.more