Filter
1721
Filtered Results: 1721
Text search:
homme
Featured
Recommendations
143
New Publications
382
Language
Document type
No document type
923
Studies & Reports
317
Guidelines
205
Manuals
93
Strategic & Response Plan
70
Fact sheets
35
Training Material
32
Situation Updates
17
Brochures
12
Infographics
10
Resource Platforms
6
Online Courses
1
Countries / Regions
Senegal
114
Congo, Democratic Republic of
99
Burkina Faso
76
Benin
65
Haiti
49
Germany
43
Global
42
Central African Republic
32
Cameroon
30
Madagascar
25
Africa
22
Mali
22
India
21
Guinea
20
Western and Central Europe
17
Ukraine
15
Latin America and the Carribbean
15
Kenya
13
Eastern Europe
13
Russia
13
Rwanda
12
West and Central Africa
12
Côte d’Ivoire / Ivory Coast
12
Venezuela
11
Nepal
10
Sierra Leone
10
Syria
10
Niger
10
Myanmar / Burma
10
Bangladesh
9
Liberia
9
Ethiopia
8
Ghana
7
Togo
7
Malawi
7
South Africa
7
Uganda
7
Chad
7
Zambia
7
Colombia
6
Nigeria
6
Mozambique
6
Indonesia
6
Burundi
5
Tanzania
5
East and Southern Africa
5
Argentina
5
Lebanon
5
Philippines
4
Jordan
4
Middle East and North Africa
4
South–East Asia Region
4
Paraguay
4
Brazil
4
Yemen
4
South Sudan
4
Switzerland
3
USA
3
Asia
3
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
3
France
3
Thailand
2
Canada
2
Congo-Brazzaville
2
Afghanistan
2
Peru
2
Cambodia
2
Western Pacific Region
2
Southern Africa
2
Iraq
2
Somalia
2
Lesotho
1
Zimbabwe
1
Morocco
1
Qatar
1
Mauritania
1
Guinea-Bissau
1
Luxembourg
1
Gabon
1
Belgium
1
United Kingdom
1
Vietnam
1
Papua New Guinea
1
Sri Lanka
1
Djibouti
1
Namibia
1
Egypt
1
Angola
1
Libya
1
Bhutan
1
Botswana
1
Guatemala
1
Authors & Publishers
Publication Years
Category
Studies & Reports
110
Policies
92
Demograhic Health Surveys DHS
86
Guidelines
78
Women & Child Health
75
COVID-19
60
Humanitarian Crisis
57
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
52
Community Health
40
Humanitarian Aid
32
Capacity Building
31
Maternal Health
29
HIV & STI
27
Child protection
26
Statistics
25
Drugs & Medical Equipment
24
Disabilities
24
General Guidelines
20
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
19
Non-communicable Diseases
19
Reproductive Health
18
Disaster Preparedness
14
Food Security & Nutrition
14
Child Health
13
Other
12
WASH
12
Protection & Security
12
Disease Prevention & Control
12
Family Planning
11
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
9
Sexual Violence
9
Diabetes
8
Community Health
8
Countries
8
Neonatal Care
8
Pediatrics
7
Cardiovascular Diseases
7
Hemorrhagic Fever
7
Age & Elderly
7
Clinical Training
6
Clinical Guidelines
6
Women & Child Health
6
TB
6
Sanitation
5
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
5
Virology
5
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
5
Training Manuals
5
Mental Health
5
Female Genital Mutilation
5
Health Systems
5
NTDs & Others
5
Water
5
Key Resources
5
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
5
Global Health
5
Paediatrics
4
Hepatitis
4
Under-5 nutrition
4
Cancer
4
MPOX - Monkeypox
4
Maternal & Child Health
4
Public Health
4
Yellow Fever
4
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
4
Needs Assessment
4
Dental & Eye Care
3
Public Health
3
Gender
3
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
3
Violence against Children
3
Immunization
3
Fecal Disposal / Latrines
3
Primary Health Care
3
Malaria
3
Communicable Diseases
2
Rabies
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Bacteriology
2
Schistosomiasis
2
Dermatology
2
x MEDBOX Issue Brief & Annual Reports x
2
Vector Control
2
Palliative Care
2
Cervical Cancer
2
NCD
2
Medical Devices & Equipment
2
Palliative Care
2
Respiratory Infections
2
Surgery & Anaesthesia
2
Hygiene Promotion
2
Digital Health
1
Helminthiasis
1
Pharmacy & Technology
1
Online Courses & Platforms
1
Neurology & Psychology
1
Laboratory Waste
1
Annual Report MEDBOX
1
General Guidelines
1
Monitoring & Evaluation
1
Cancer Treatment & Resources
1
IEC Material
1
Sex. & Repr. Rights
1
Menstrual Hygiene Management
1
Snakebites
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Health System Strengthening
1
Waste Management
1
Diarrhoea
1
Quality Control & Assurance
1
Communicable Diseases
1
COPD/Asthma
1
Leprosy
1
Neurology & Psychology
1
Dengue
1
Disabilities & Inclusion
1
Laboratory Quality Assurance
1
Radiology and Diagnostic
1
Toolboxes
Country specific documents
51
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
31
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
29
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
27
War & Conflict
24
Children's Rights
24
Psychosocial Support
23
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
18
Community-based Mental Health Care
17
Mental Health
15
MHPSS Guidelines
15
TB/HIV Coinfection
14
HIV in Key Populations
14
Studies & Reports
13
Human Rights
13
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
13
HIV testing & services
12
Neurological Disorders
12
War, Conflict Areas & Refugees
12
Reports & Studies
12
Health & Refugee
11
Roadmaps, Action Plans & Policies
11
Psychosocial Support
11
Children & Adolescents
10
General Studies & Reports
10
Assessment & Response
10
Policy
10
Alcohol
9
Assessment & Studies
9
Posttraumatic stress disorder Adults
9
Toolkit on disability for Africa
9
Treatment Guidelines
9
Encyclical Letters
9
Training Manuals
8
Climate & Health
8
Clinical Guidelines
8
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
8
Child Protection
8
Genomic sequencing
8
Studies & Reports
8
Assistive devices & technologies
8
Disability Rights & Convention
7
ART Drug Resistance
7
Children with Disabilities
7
Ebola Prevention & Control
7
Treatment & Prevention
7
Social Worker
7
Videos & Online Courses
7
Manuals
7
General
7
Infection Control General
7
Diagnostics & Laboratory Guidance
7
For General Public & Community
7
Child Protection
7
MHPSS – Psychosocial Support
7
Children & Mental Health
7
Midwives
7
Assessment & Response
7
Mental Health
7
Antiretroviral Treatment ART
7
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors
7
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
7
General Reports
6
IPC
6
Background PTSD in children
6
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
6
Context, Facts & Travel Advice
6
Social Mobilisation
6
Treatment Guidelines HIV
6
Wheelchair Service and Management
6
General Mental Health Guidelines
6
Shelter & Reconstruction
6
Communication & Training
6
Mental Health Guidelines
6
Medical professionals
6
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
6
Gender Aspects
6
Nurses
6
Health Impact & Climate Change
6
International
6
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
6
Infection Control
6
Training & Capacity Building
6
Violence & Child Trafficking
5
Integration
5
Laboratory Guidance
5
Violence & Protection
5
Introduction to Global Health
5
Substance Use Disorders, Others
5
Germany
5
Policies
5
HIV
5
TB & Other Vulnerable Populations
5
Training Supporting Material mhGAP
5
Situation Reports & Updates
5
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
5
Faith-based Organizations
5
For Older People
5
Mental Health
5
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
5
Handbooks & Manuals
5
Humanitarian Aid Guidelines
5
Studies & Reports
5
Studies & Reports
5
Drug resistant TB
5
Hearing Loss & Deafness
5
Disease Prevention & Control
5
Germany
5
Overview & Statistics
5
Volunteers
5
Neurological disorders, Others
5
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
4
Local Action
4
Surveillance
4
Studies & Reports
4
Opportunistic Infections
4
Policies & Programmes
4
WASH
4
Humanitarian Crisis
4
Public Health
4
Curricula & Core Competencies
4
Others
4
Stress
4
Studies
4
Health Personnel
4
Surveillance & Contact tracing
4
Country Specific
4
Appeals and Response Plans
4
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
4
Human Rights
4
Sustainability
4
Children & Mental Health
4
Hygiene
4
Pharmacy Practice
4
Climate Change
4
Guidelines & Manuals
4
Ethics
4
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
4
Prevention & Strategies
4
Detection & Diagnosis
4
Situation Reports & Updates
4
General
4
Protection
4
Training
4
Disaster Preparedness & Prevention
4
Self-harm & Suicide
4
Public Health Administration
4
WASH
4
Orientation Guides
4
Preparedness & Prevention
4
Capacity Building
4
Food & Nutrition
4
Eastern Europe and central Asia
4
Plague Prevention & Control
4
Preparedness & Prevention
4
Outbreak Prevention & Control
3
Gynaecology / Obstetrics
3
Surveillance
3
TB & Drug Abuse
3
Inclusion in Humanitarian Settings
3
Clinical Aspects
3
Country specific
3
Prevention & Control
3
Key Resources
3
Diagnosis & Treatment PTSD in Children
3
Human Rights, Stigma & Discrimination
3
Eastern Europe
3
Germany
3
Africa
3
Men who have sex with men (MSM)
3
Stigma & Discrimination
3
Mental Health Studies & Reports
3
Epilepsy
3
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
3
International
3
Cannabis
3
Universal Health Coverage UHC and 90-90-90 Strategy
3
Supporting tools
3
For Health Worker
3
Clinical Guidelines
3
Camps and Camp-like Settings
3
Social Ethics
3
Educational Settings
3
Coping with Stress
3
At Home
3
Communication Material
3
Immunization Guidelines
3
Long-term Care Facilities
3
Presentation
3
Fair Allocation & Ethical Aspects
3
Vaccine Hesitancy & Myths
3
Sanitation
3
Stress
3
Ethics
3
Biodiversity shift
3
Climate Change General
3
Clean air
3
Essential Medicines
3
Essential Medicines & Devices Lists
3
Rational use of Medicine
3
Pediatrics
3
Women & Maternal Health
3
General documents One Health
3
Humanitarian Crisis
3
Infectious Diseases
3
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
3
WASH Water Sanitation & Hygiene
3
MPOX - Monkeypox
3
Patient Safety
3
General Information & Methodology
3
Women
3
Policies & Strategies
3
Mental disorders, others
3
TB/HIV Global
3
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
3
Assessment & Response
3
Prevention of Disabilites
3
Reproductive Health
3
IEC
3
Tobacco
3
Clinical Guidelines
3
Psychosocial Support
3
Depression
3
Africa
2
Behaviour Change/Life Skill Education
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Intellectual Disability
2
Accessibility
2
Agriculture & Veterinary
2
Chemical Attacks
2
Intercultural Competence
2
Inclusion
2
Policies & Strategies
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Yellow Fever
2
Yellow Fever Prevention & Control
2
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
2
Explosives
2
Statistics & Data
2
Natural Disasters
2
Mental Health
2
Context & Facts
2
Prevention Guidelines
2
Interculturality
2
Children
2
Inclusion
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Hepatitis
2
Transgender People
2
mhGAP Guides
2
Concepts of Global Health
2
Prevention & Control
2
Training
2
Global
2
Ebola & Marburg
2
Maps
2
Standard Precautions
2
Ebola
2
Children
2
Discrimination & Stigma
2
Women's Mental Health
2
Laboratory & Sampling
2
HIV / AIDS
2
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
2
Psychosocial Support
2
Sex Worker
2
IEC Substance Use Disorders
2
General
2
Livestock production
2
COVID-19 Information
2
COVID-19
2
Principles of Solidarity
2
Option for the Poor
2
LGBTI*
2
Health Care Professionals & Spirituality
2
Mythbusters/Misinformation
2
RCCE Guides & Manuals
2
Community Health
2
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
2
SARS-CoV-2 Variants
2
Long COVID/ Post-COVID Syndrome
2
Extreme Situations
2
Health Promotion
2
Advocacy & Communication
2
Resources Kreyol Earthquake Haiti
2
Guidelines General
2
Planetary Health
2
Urban health
2
Supply Chain & Store Management
2
Resuscitation
2
Guiding documents and principles
2
Land-system change
2
General Guidelines for Rational Use
2
Waste Managment
2
Ukraine
2
Health Care Systems
2
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
2
Zoonoses
2
Mental Health
2
Others
2
Heat
2
MPOX - Monkeypox
2
Strategies & Roadmaps
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Studies & Reports
2
NTDs General
2
Overview, Studies & Reports
2
Education
2
Health Financing Toolbox
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
2
Studies & Reports
2
Others
2
Air Pollution
2
Information & Education Material (IEC)
2
Studies & Reports
2
War Surgery & Wound Care
2
General
2
Co-Morbidities (except TB)
2
Ghana
2
Bipolar Affective Disorders
2
Human Rights & the Right to Health
2
TB & Prisoners
2
Prevention
2
Situation Reports & Updates
2
Education of students & professionals
2
Tuberculosis
2
Latin America & the Carribean
2
HIV / AIDS
2
Assessment
2
HIV and coinfection
2
Going abroad
2
WASH
2
TB
2
Planetary Health
2
Refugees & Migrants
2
Epidemiology
2
Prisoners
2
Pregnant women
2
Eastern and Southern Africa
2
Urban Health
2
Cyclones Idai & Kenneth
2
Gender Aspects
1
Drugs
1
Communication & Social Mobilisation
1
Best Practice Models
1
Natural Disaster
1
Health Systems
1
Male Circumcision
1
Global Mental Health
1
IEC Materials General
1
Plague Situation Reports
1
Faith-based Organizations
1
People with Handicaps
1
Europe
1
For General Public
1
Dental Health
1
Vaccines & Immunization
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Vector Control
1
Surgery & Rehabilitation
1
Vaccination
1
Adults
1
Physical Disability
1
Ukraine
1
International
1
Pediatrics
1
Information for Refugees & Migrants
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
Schizophrenia
1
Assessment & Response
1
Infection Control
1
HIV testing & disclosure
1
Latin America
1
Refugee
1
Training
1
Children with disabilities
1
Diverse Chemical Substances
1
Laboratory
1
Sexually Transmitted Infections
1
Strategies & Action Plans
1
IEC Materials
1
TB
1
Tools for Rational use
1
International
1
Cholera Prevention & Control
1
Training Material
1
Rwanda
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
Vaccination
1
Technical Information
1
Travel Advice
1
Syria
1
Advocacy
1
Child Health / Pediatrics
1
Microcephaly
1
Types of Disability
1
Manual & Leaflet
1
Yemen
1
Sexual Abuse
1
Reports
1
Sustainable Development Goals
1
Key Resources
1
Key Resources
1
Communication & Training
1
Topics
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Context & Facts
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Prevention & Preparedness
1
Essential List
1
Online Courses & Resources
1
Key Resources
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Mental Health & Psychosocial Support
1
Covid-19 & the One Health Approach
1
Covid-19 & Climate Change
1
For Parents & Children
1
Training, others
1
For People with Disabilities
1
For Migrants & Refugees
1
Comics
1
Prison & Detention
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Protection of Vulnerable Groups
1
Guidelines
1
Scientific & Research Studies
1
Information for the Public
1
Resource Platforms others
1
Paediatrics
1
COVID-19
1
COVID-19
1
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
1
General
1
Essential Medicines & Medical Devices
1
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
1
COVID-19 Simulation Exercise Training
1
Ebola Treatment Center
1
TB/HIV
1
Logistics & Supply
1
Biontech/Pfizer Comirnaty
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Others
1
Capacity Building
1
Others
1
Internet Resources
1
Others
1
Community Health Workers CHW
1
Palliative Care
1
Colombia
1
Brazil
1
Medical Records/Documentation
1
Booster Doses
1
Planetary Boundaries
1
Reports
1
Overview & reports
1
Pharmacy Management
1
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
1
Spirituality
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Cancer
1
Intensive Care Unit
1
Biogeochemical flows
1
Epilepsy
1
Various Target Groups
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Environment
1
Public Health
1
General
1
Water Pollution
1
Information, Resources & Websites
1
Psychosocial Support
1
Health Care In Conflict Settings
1
Global Impact of war
1
Best Practice Examples
1
MPOX -Monkeybox Prevention & Control
1
Social Ethics in Health Work
1
Resource Platforms
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Prevention & Control
1
Vector control
1
Echinocccosis
1
Foodborn trematodiasis
1
Awareness
1
General Information
1
Online courses
1
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Studies & Reports
1
Prevention & Strategies
1
Physical Condition
1
Tobacco Consumption
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
1
Global Overview
1
Asia
1
Community Based Rebabilitation (CBR)
1
Training Material
1
Policies and guidelines
1
Conflict
1
others
1
Cerebral Palsy
1
Autism
1
Contact Tracing
1
General Aspects
1
General
1
Malnutrition
1
One Health
1
IEC Material Children
1
Modules
1
For Community Health Workers
1
Nutrition
1
Research & Access
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Dengue Prevention & Control
1
Health Care Systems
1
Vision Loss & Blindness
1
Stewardship
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Situation Reports
1
Testing Guidelines
1
Travel Medicine
1
Assessment Tools
1
Chikungunya Prevention & Control
1
Zika Prevention & Control
1
Others
1
Yellow Fever Situation Report
1
HIV service delivery
1
Stigma
1
Cholera
1
Europe
1
Best Pratice Examples
1
Guidelines CBR
1
Reports & Studies Children HIV
1
Paediatrics
1
Key Resources
1
Lobby and Advocacy
1
Eastern Europe & Central Asia
1
Safe Burials
1
Chikungunya
1
Studies & Reports
1
Universal Health Coverage & Primary Health Care
1
Social Determinants of Health
1
Public Health
1
Public Health
1
Capacity Building
1
Global Burden of Disease
1
In many low- and middle-income countries, there is a wide gap between evidencebased recommendations and current practice. Treatment of major CVD risk factors remains suboptimal, and only a minority of patients who are treated reach their target levels for blood pressure, blood sugar and blood choles...
Dieser Wegweiser beantwortet Fragen zur Entstehung und Behandlung der psychischen Erkrankungen nach traumatischen Erlebnisse. Er ist in den Sprachen Arabisch, Deutsch, Englisch und Kurdisch (Kurmanci) erhältlich.
Prevention of stroke and transient ischemic attack includes both conventional approaches to vascular risk factor management (blood pressure lowering, cholesterol reduction with statins, smoking cessation and antiplatelet therapy)
and more specific interventions, such as carotid revascularization or...
The World Heart Federation (WHF) Roadmap series covers a large range of cardiovascular conditions. These Roadmaps identify potential roadblocks and their solutions to improve the prevention, detection and management of cardiovascular diseases and provide a generic global framework available for loca...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have collectively remained the leading causes of death worldwide and substantially contribute to loss of health and excess health system costs. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study has tracked trends in death and disability since 1990 a...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a growing public health problem in Ghana and other African countries. Strokes and other CVDs have become a leading cause of death due to increasing risk factors such as hypertension. According to the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD), ischaemic heart disease was...
The document provides detailed clinical guidelines for the therapy of Type 1 Diabetes as developed by the German Diabetes Association (DDG). It focuses on individualized insulin therapy, structured patient training, and monitoring of blood glucose levels. The guidelines emphasize preventing complica...
Diabetes is a major public health problem. The rising incidence of Diabetes Type 2 is related to the effects of urbanization and unhealthy lifestyles. Research studies show that healthy eating and regular physical activity can prevent or delay the onset of Diabetes Type 2, even in high-risk individu...
In recent decades, India has witnessed a rapidly exploding epidemic of diabetes.
Indeed, India today has the second largest number of people with diabetes in the
world. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that there are 72.9 million people with diabetes in India in 2017, which is...
The “ActiveAge Handbook” is an outcome of the “ActiveAge Project, which was carried out from January 2013 until June 2014 in the frame of “2012 Preparatory Actions in the Field of Sport” of the European Commission Directory General Education and Cul-
ture (DG EAC) in cooperation with 13 E...
The Public Health Burden of Secondhand Exposure to Commercial Tobacco Smoke Secondhand smoke, the combination of smoke from burning commercial tobacco* products and the smoke breathed out by a person who is smoking, is deadly.
A framework for action provides a guide for those involved in the development of the multisectoral action plan. It starts with a wide-ranging vision and, through a series of increasingly specific intentions, brings into focus actions with measurable outcomes that can be taken to achieve that vision.
This review examines high-quality research evidence that synthesises the efects of extreme heat on human health in tropical
Africa. Web of Science (WoS) was used to identify research articles on the efects extreme heat, humidity, Wet-bulb Globe
Temperature (WBGT), apparent temperature, wind, Heat ...
Asthma is one of the neglected diseases in Africa with a high prevalence. Allergic fungal diseases have been reported to complicate asthma progression and treatment outcomes. However, data about fungal asthma and its associated complications are limited in Africa. We aimed to estimate the burden of ...
Silicosis is not a new disease; the impact of silica dust on respiratory function was observed by Hippocrates in 430 B.C. and in the 16th century by Agricol. In 1713, Rammazini described silicotic nodules in post-mortems of stone cutters presenting with respiratory symptoms. In the mid-late 1800s,...
Asbestos, the most frequent cause of occupational cancer, continues to be consumed ona massive scale, with millions of people exposed on a daily basis. This review explains why we havefailed in curtailing the silent epidemic of asbestos-related disease and why the numbers of asbestosvictims are like...
Severe asthma is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization, but its burden in Africa is unknown. This article wants to determine the burden (prevalence,
mortality, and activity and work impairment) of severe asthma in 3 countries in East Africa: Uganda, Kenya, and Ethio...
This guide aims to inform about these illnesses - so-called ‘trauma-induced disorders’ - in general and ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ (PTSD) in particular. It is also designed to offer support in finding treatment and counselling options.
Ovaj vodič treba da pruži opšte/opće informacije o ovim oboljenjima, takozvanim „poremećajima koji se javljaju kao posljedica traume“ i naročito o „posttraumatskom stresnom poremećaju“ (PTSP). Osim toga, on treba da pomogne u traženju mogućnosti liječenja i savjetovanja.
Most of the global burden of sepsis occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but the prevalence and etiology of sepsis in LMICs are not well understood. In particular, the lack of laboratory infrastructure in many LMICs has historically precluded an assessment of the pathogens leading to ...
