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Information and criteria for prioritizing diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 in order to address the procurement needs of health systems

OPS (2020) C_WHO

This document provides brief information answering common questions regarding COVID-19 diagnostic tests and how to prioritize them to the patients most in need.

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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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An update on Testing strategies for COVID-19

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

9 July 2021

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Especificacoes technicas para selecao de testes diagnosticos in vitro essenciais para SARS-COV-2

Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS OPAS (2021) C_WHO

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR TEST SELECTION ESSENTIAL IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR SARS-COV-2

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Тестування на туберкульозну інфекцію та скринінг на туберкульоз серед біженців, які прибувають до країн Європи з України

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2022) C1

7 April 2022. Aimed at national policymakers, public health and healthcare planners, staff working in reception centres, and healthcare staff caring for displaced persons, the information note concludes that universal testing of incoming refugees from Ukraine for tuberculosis (TB) infection is not r... more

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Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification - Supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

Supplement HIV testing services December 2016

External Link

Rapid Health Assessment Protocols for Emergencies

World Health Organization WHO (1999) C_WHO

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Guidelines for COVID-19 testing and quarantine of air travellers - Addendum to the Aviation Health Safety Protocol

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) CC

This joint ECDC-European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) document aims to support Member States in determining a coordinated approach to reduce the risks related to the movement of people by air within and between the EU/EEA countries and the UK in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, noting th... more

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Development and Introduction of the Filariasis Test Strip: A New Diagnostic Test for the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis

Pantelias, A.; King, J.D.; Lammie, P.; Weil, G.J. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2022) CC

Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 106 (Suppl 5), 2022, pp. 56–60. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease that is a major cause of chronic disability in the developing world. According to the 2021–2030 road map for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) published by the World Health Organization (WHO... more

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WHO policy brief: COVID-19 testing, 14 September 2022

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the challenges countries face for maintaining their COVID-19 response while addressing competing public health challenges, conflicts, climate change and economic crises. It remains critical for national programmes to continue to offer testing for COVI... more

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COVID-19 rapid guideline: antibiotics for pneumonia in adults in hospital

NICE guideline (2020) C2

This guideline is for: • health and care practitioners • health and care staff involved in planning and delivering services • commissioners. The recommendations bring together: • existing national and international guidance and policies • advice from specialists working in the NHS fr... more

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Especificacoes tecnicas para selecao de testes diagnosticos in vitro essenciais para SARS-COV-2, 14 de junho de 2021

Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) OPAS (2021) C_WHO

Technical specifications for selection of essential in vitro diagnostic tests for SARS-COV-2, 14 June 2021

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Communication piece: Commercially available diagnostic tests
recommended

The Global Schistosomiasis Alliance GSA (2021) CC

The Global Schistosomiasis Alliance Diagnostic Workstream has developed a communications piece listing all commercially available diagnostics for schistosomiasis

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Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services - 5Cs: consent, confidentiality, counselling, correct results and connection

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) C_WHO

Guidelines HIV testing services July 2015

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Interferon-γ-Tests in der Tuberkulose-Diagnostik - Aktueller Stand

B. Hauer, R. Loddenkemper, A. Detjen, et al. (2006) C2

Interferon-γ Assays - Description and Assessment of a New Tool in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Haür B et al. Interferon-γ-Tests in der ...Pneumologie 2006; 60: 29-44

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Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. Policy brief

World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

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Malawi comprehensive HIV testing and counselling training. Participant handbook

Ministry of Health, Malawi (2013) C1

External Link

Evaluation of a point-of-care blood test for identification of Ebola virus disease at Ebola holding units, Western Area, Sierra Leone, January to February 2015.

Walker, N.F.; et al. (2015)

Euro Surveill. 2015 Mar 26;20(12). pii: 21073.

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Guidelines for managing advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy

World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

The objectives of these guidelines are to provide recommendations outlining a public health approach to managing people presenting with advanced HIV disease, and to provide guidance on the timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all people living with HIV.
WHO recommends that a... more

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Tests diagnostiques pour le dépistage du SARS-CoV-2 : orientations provisoires, 11 septembre 2020

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/334254

Communication piece: Commercially available diagnostic tests recommended

Communication piece: Commercially available diagnostic tests
recommended