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Country Score Justifications And References: Zambia

Global Health Security Index (2021) CC
This document is a compilation of all questions, justifications, and sources used to determine the 2021 Global Health Security Index scores for Zambia. For a category and indicator-level summary, please see the Country Profile for Zambia.
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WHO recommendations on maternal health

World Health Organization WHO (2025) C_WHO
Guidelines approved by the WHO Guidelines -Review Committee; second edition
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Interim guidance on strengthening community detection and response during the mpox outbreak

World Health Organization WHO; Inernational Red Cross Federation IFRC (2025) C_WHO
Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral illness caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV).1 It causes a painful rash, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, headache, muscle ache, back pain and low energy or feeling sick. In most cases, the symptoms of mpox go away within a few weeks with supportive care ... more
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Infection prevention and control and water sanitation and hygiene in health facilities during mpox disease outbreaks: rapid assessment tool, user guide

World Health Organization WHO (2025) CC
The rapid assessment tool (RAT) is meant to assess health facilities within mpox-affected areas that have at least one inpatient bed. Depending on time and resources available, certain facilities may be prioritized during an mpox outbreak. The RAT evaluates 16 infection prevention and control (IPC) ... more
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Strengthening Kangaroo Mother Care at a tertiary level hospital in Zambia: A prospective descriptive study

Muttau, N.; Mwendafilumba, M; Lewis, B. et al. (2022) CC
PLoS ONE 17(9): e0272444. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0272444. Based on the RE-AIM metrics, our results show that KMC is a feasible intervention that can improve neonatal outcomes among preterm infants in Zambia. The study findings show a promising, practical approach to scaling up KMC in ... more
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Motivation and retention of primary healthcare workers in rural health facilities: An exploratory qualitative study of Chipata and Chadiza Districts, Zambia.

Manda, K.; Silumbwe, A.; Kombe, M.M. et al. ResearchSquare (2022) CC
While motivational factors vary, opportunities for career advancement, stimulating and challenging tasks, opportunities for promotion, and co-worker recognition are core factors that can engender retention of rural health workers. Interventions are required to enhance rural health worker motivation ... more
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Leveraging health infrastructure to optimize HPV vaccination for adolescents in Zambia: Protocol for an implementation study

Miti, S.; Shato, T.; Asante, C. et al. (2023) CC
PLoS ONE 18(5): e0285031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285031 The study aims to integrate HPV vaccination into routine care in adolescent HIV clinics. To achieve success, we will co-design a package of implementation strategies using a previously successful implementation research approach ... more
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Treating Buruli Ulcer

Médecines sans Frontièrs MSF (2013) CC
A review of prospects for existing antibiotics ad new therapeutics
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BuDb: A Curated Drug Discovery Database for Buruli Ulcer

Kwofie, S.K.; et al. (2022) CC
Journal of Computational Biophysics and ChemistryVol. 22, No. 01, pp. 31-41 (2023)
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Buruli ulcer in Africa: Geographical distribution, ecology, risk factors, diagnosis, and indigenous plant treatment options - A comprehensive review

Osei-Owusu J.; Fordjour Aidoo O.; Eshu F. et al. Heliyon (2023) C2
Buruli ulcer (BU), a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is an infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The disease has been documented in many South American, Asian, and Western Pacific countries and is widespread throughout much of Africa, especially in West ... more
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Report of the fifth annual meeting of the network of Buruli ulcer PCR laboratories in the WHO African Region, Accra, Ghana, 23-25 October 2023

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO
The aim of the meeting was to broaden the network’s initiatives. Preliminary work involved integrating laboratory testing for skin NTDs other than Buruli ulcer, such as cutaneous leishmaniasis, mycetoma, leprosy and yaws, while extending the network’s reach to encompass additional laboratories.
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Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness). The Road to Elimination Revisited—Achievements and Remaining Challenges

Burri, E. MDPI (2020) CC
Printed Edition pdf
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Evidence summary: systematic review of oral fexinidazole as first line treatment for rhodesiense Human African Trypanosomiasis

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO
Guidelines for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Web Annex A. Commissioned by WHO Cochrane Response
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PICO questions, EtD tables, GDG recommendations

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO
WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. Web Annex B
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Target product profile for a gambiense human African trypanosomiasis individual test to assess infection in low prevalence settings

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO
HAT diagnosis relies on laboratory techniques because clinical signs and symptoms are unspecific. Serodiagnostic tests exist only for Tbg and are based on the detection of specific antibodies, thus they are not confirmatory of infection. With the current low disease prevalence, the positive predicti ... more
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Criteria and procedures for the verification of elimination of transmission of "T. b. gambiense" to the human population in a given country

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO
Having established the goal of eliminating transmission of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (g-HAT) to humans, the HAT-e-TAG considered which elements should be developed to assess this goal.
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Strategic review of traps and targets for tsetse and African trypanosomiasis control

Kuzoe, F.A.; and S. Schofield UNDPWorld Bank (2005) C_WHO
Tsetse traps and targets (insecticide-impregnated screens) function by attracting the flies to a device that collects and/or kills them. Traps can be used for entomological surveillance, and also for control. Targets are simpler than traps, but are not used for surveillance. They are impregnated wit ... more
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Human African trypanosomiasis cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries (2011– 2020)

Franco. J.R.; G. Cecchi, G. Priotto, et al. (2022) CC
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(11): e0010885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010885 HAT diagnosis in non-endemic countries is rare and can be challenging, but alertness and surveillance must be maintained to contribute to WHO’s elimination goals. Early detection is particularly important as it co ... more
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Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): Current knowledge and future challenges

Papagni, R.; et al. (2023) CC
Front. Trop. Dis. , 09 May 2023 Sec. Neglected Tropical Diseases Volume 4 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1087003
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New WHO guidelines for treating rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis: expanded indications for fexinidazole and pentamidine
recommended

Lindner A. K.; V. Lejon, M.P. Barrett, et al. (2025) CC
The Lancet Infectious Disease Volume 25, Issue 2e77-e85February 2025