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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Situational Analysis of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Humans and Animals in Zimbabwe

The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP (2017) C2

This situation analysis has gathered information about the current state of AMR, contributing factors and antimicrobial use in Zimbabwe from the human, animal, agricultural and environmental sectors. Data has been gathered from different sectors such as the general public, academia, the Ministry of ... more

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Executive Summary - Chapter 4 Human Resources

M. E. Medina-Mora ATLAS on substance use (2010)— Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder; WHO (2019) C_WHO

ATLAS on substance use (2010)— Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder Accessed: 14.03.2019

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Guidelines for the Development of Pharmaceutical Services in Primary Health Care

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2011) C_WHO

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Senegal: Countdown to 2015 - Maternal, Newborn & Child Survival

Countdown to 2030 Commission (2015) C2

The Countdown country profile presents in one place the best and latest evidence to enable an assessment of a country’s progress in improving reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH)

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Management of febrile seizures

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO

Q3: Can febrile seizures (simple or complex) be managed at first or second level care by non-specialist health care providers in low and middle income country settings? What is the role of diagnostic tests in the management of febrile seizures by non-specialists in low and middle income settings? Fo... more

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National HIV/Syphilis sero-prevalence sentinel survey among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Nigeria

Federal Ministry of Health, Dept. of Public Health, National HIVSTI (2005) C1

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WHO implementation tool for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection - Module 9

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

Module 9 Strategic planning July 2017 Module 9: Strategic planning. As WHO recommends offering PrEP to people at substantial HIV risk, this module offers public health guidance for policy-makers on how to prioritize services, in order to reach those who could benefit most from PrEP, and in wh... more

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Community Health Workers in Sub Saharan Africa
recommended

Hannah Faal, Rènée du Toit, Henrietta Monye, Ronnie Graham IAPB Africa (2016) CC

A booklet on how CHWs were addressing eye health across Africa based on desk research and a survey in 23 countries

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Keep Safe - Keep Serving. Roll out of IPC Precautions in HCFs

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Liberia (2014)

IPC Training module Day 1

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HOW TO CONDUCT MATERNAL DEATH REVIEWS (MDR)

De Brouwere V., Zinnen V., Delvaux T. (2013)

Guidelines and tools for Health Professionals

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Sierra Leone: Facility Improvement Team (FIT) Assessment Report, November 2015

Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone, Reproductive and Child Health Directorate (2015) C1

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Uganda: A Decade of Tracking Progress for Maternal, Newborn and Child Survival

Countdown to 2015 UNICEF; WHO (2015) C_WHO

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Emergency triage assessment and treatment (‎‎‎ETAT). Manual for Participants

World Health Organization (2005) C_WHO

The Manual for Participants is primarily meant for the participants of a 3 and a half day training course in Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment.

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Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019
recommended

GBD 2019 Human Resources for Health Collaborators The Lancet (2022) CC

A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Vol.399 Issue 10341 p.2129-2154 Human resources for health (HRH) include a range of occupations that aim to promote or improve human health. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the WHO Health Workforce 2030 s... more

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Examining nursing practices for management of sepsis in low income countries: the case of Uganda

Aliga C., Mutyabule J., Nakate G., et al. (2018) CC

Examining nursing practice guidelines to improve quality of care for patients with sepsis in low income countries is required. • A large amount of information about best practice standards in sepsis management is available for healthcare professionals; however, implementation and adherence to prac... more

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Directives sur la infirmière avancée

Conseil international des Infirmières (CII) (2020) C1

La pratique infirmière avancée (PIA), telle qu’évoquée dans le présent document, se réfère aux services et aux interventions de santé renforcés et étendus, assurés par des infirmières qui, grâce à des compétences avancées, influent sur les résultats des soins de santé cliniques ... more