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Climate Change and Pollen Allergies

Damialis, A.; Traidl-Hoffmann, C.; Treudler, R. (2019) CC

Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change pp 47–66 This chapter reviews the emerging importance of pollen allergies in relation to ongoing climate change. Allergic diseases have been increasing in prevalence over the last decades, partly as the result of the impact of climate change. ... more

Prevalence, severity and risk factors for asthma in school-going adolescents in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

Mphahlele, R.; Lesosky, M.; Masekela, R. BMJ Open Respiratory Research (2023) CC

Background Asthma remains highly prevalent, with more severe symptoms in low-income to middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with high-income countries. Identifying risk factors for severe asthma symptoms can assist with improving outcomes. We aimed to determine the prevalence, severity and ris ... more

Measures to strengthen primary health-care systems in low- and middle-income countries

Etienne V Langlois, Andrew Mc Kenzie, Helen Schneider & Jeffrey W Mecaskey World Health Organization (2020) C_WHO

Primary health care offers a cost–effective route to achieving universal health coverage (UHC). However, primary health-care systems are weak in many low- and middle-income countries and often fail to provide comprehensive, people-centred, integrated care. We analysed the primar ... more

Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ... is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

Guidelines for Medicine Donations
recommended

World Health Organization (2011) C_WHO

This 3rd edition of Guidelines for medicine donations has been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in cooperation with major international agencies active in humanitarian relief and development assistance. The guidelines are intended to improve the quality of medicine donations in inter ... more

WHO delivers new shipment of medical supplies for COVID-19 response in Islamic Republic of Iran

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C1

Humanitarian Assistance In Disaster Situations

PAHOWorld Health Organization (1999) C_WHO

A guide for effective aid

Uganda National Drug Policy

Ministry of Health, Uganda (2002)

Namibia: National Guidelines for Medicine Safety Surveillance

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2017) C2

Accessed November, 2017

Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical Waste Disposal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and Uganda

Iosue, S. PSA Tansforming The Supply Chain (2020) C1

Standard operating procedures for controlling Ebola and Marburg virus epidemics

World Health Organization (2014)

Provisional recommendations May 2014

Considerations for implementing and adjusting public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

interim guidance, 14 June 2021 This document is intended for national authorities and decision makers in countries that have introduced large scale public health and social measures. It offers guidance for adjusting public health and social measures, while managing the risk of a resurgence of cases ... more

Emergency Field Handbook

UNICEF (2005)

A Guide for UNICEF Staff

Caring for Newborns and Children in the Community. Manual for the Community Health Worker

World Health Organization; UNICEF (2011) C_WHO

Healthcare waste

USAID (2019) C1

Sector Environmental Guidelines, Full technical Update

Psychosocial Care of Tsunami-Affected Populations Physician's Manual

Nimesh Desai, Dhanesh Gupta, Ram Avtar Singh, et al. WHO South-East Asia New Delhi (2005) C_WHO

Health systems resilience during COVID-19: lessons for building back better

Sagan, A.; E. Webb, M. Mckee et al. World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Indicator-Based Pharmacovigilance Assessment Tool: Manual for Conducting Assessments in Developing Countries.
recommended

Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems (SPS) Program (2009) C1

This Indicator-Based Pharmacovigilance Assessment Tool (IPAT) was developed as a comprehensive performance metric for pharmacovigilance and medicine safety systems.

Handbook for Disaster Assessment

Laura Ortíz, Omar D. Bello, Liudmila Ortega et al. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), (2014)

This handbook reflects and updates the work that ECLAC has done in recent decades to establish a methodology for estimating the economic consequences of a disaster, and thus determine the financing required to rebuild and return the affected area to normal. The handbook's third edition strengthens p ... more

Birth defects surveillance: a manual for programme managers

World Health Organization (2014)