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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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WHO Guide for Rabies Pre and Post Exposure Prophylaxis in Humans

World Health Organization WHO (2014) C_WHO

WHO strongly recommends discontinuation of the nerve tissue vaccine, and replacement with modern concentrated and purified cell culture derived vaccines (CCDV) and embryonated eggbased rabies vaccines. These vaccines must comply with WHO criteria for potency and innocuity following satisfactory ass... more

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Evaluation of the Capacity Project's Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) Strengthening Process in Swaziland, Uganda and Rwanda

de Vries D, Blair G, Morgan K (2009) C2

The Capacity Project worked to strengthen HRIS in several low-resource countries to assist decision-makers and human resources managers in identifying and responding to critical gaps in HRH. The findings and recommendations in this report cover the Capacity Project’s implementation of HRIS in Swaz... more

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République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) - African Disability Rights Yearbook 2013

P. O. Lobe; F. M. K. K. Bantu, Avocat à la Cour d’Appel, Kinshasa, DRC Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) (2013) C1

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An outbreak of Ebola in the DRC has been contained. What went right this time?

Eric Osoro (2017) C1

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Toolkit on disability for AFRICA: FRAMEWORKS FOR IMPLEMENTING AND MONITORING THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

United Nations Division for Social Policy Development (DSPD) & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) (2016) C1

Module 2

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WHO consolidated guideline on self-care interventions for health: sexual and reproductive health and rights

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

Self-care interventions are among the most promising and exciting new approaches to improve health and well-being, both from a health systems perspective and for people who use these interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) uses the following working definition of self-care: Self-care is t... more

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Towards intensified African Union–United Nations cooperation for the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence and protecting the health and rights of women and children in humanitarian settings

UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIVAIDS); African Union; H6 Partnership (2018) C2

Vanquishing violence and vulnerability in humanitarian settings Background paper for the joint African Union–UNAIDS (in capacity of serving Chair of H6) high-level side event at the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, 24 September 2018, at UNHQ, Conference Room 3

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Ethical issues in obstetrics and gynaecology by the FIGO committee for the Study of Ethical aspects of Human Reproduction and Woman's Health

FIGO (2012)

'Ethical Issues in Obstetrics and Gynecology' represents the results of carefully researched and considered discussion. The guidelines are intended to provide material for consideration and debate about ethical aspects of our discipline for member organisations and their constituent membership.

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A better classification of wet markets is key to safeguarding human health and biodiversity

Bing Lin A. B., M.L Dietrich, R.A.Senior, et al. The Lancet, Planetary Health (2021) CC

Wet markets have been implicated in multiple zoonotic outbreaks, including COVID-19. They are also a conduit for legal and illegal trade in wildlife, which threatens thousands of species. Yet wet markets supply food to millions of people around the world, and differ drastically in their physical com... more

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Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

The purpose of this document is to provide interim guidance to laboratories and stakeholders involved in laboratory testing of patients who meet the definition of suspected case of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus identified in Wuhan, China. 19 March 2020

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Zambia: GUIDELINES ON REGULATING THE CONDUCT OF CLINICAL TRIAL IN HUMAN PARTICIPANTS

Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority (ZAMRA) (2016) C2

First Edition

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Knowledge, attitude and practice with regards to tuberculosis and human immunodefiency virus co-infection among patients with tuberculosis in Walvis BayISTRICT, NAMIBIA.

Musana, J.I. University of Western Cape (2011) C2

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What you need to know about HIV and COVID-19 in the context of human mobility

ONUSIDA; Response for Venezuelans (R4V) (2020) C2

COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus, a new coronavirus associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viruses family and some coronaviruses associated with common cold. There is still no evidence that persons living with HIV have a higher risk of contracting CO... more

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Situational Analysis of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Humans and Animals in Zimbabwe

The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP (2017) C2

This situation analysis has gathered information about the current state of AMR, contributing factors and antimicrobial use in Zimbabwe from the human, animal, agricultural and environmental sectors. Data has been gathered from different sectors such as the general public, academia, the Ministry of ... more

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An Advocate’s Guide: Strategic Indicators for Universal Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
recommended

TK Sundari Ravindran Asian-Pacific Resource & Research C0entre for Women (ARROW) (2015) C1

This guide was prepared to enable advocates to use data when advocating for universal access to SRHR at the national, regional and global levels. It is a direct outcome of the Strategic SRHR Indicators workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 21-22 August for the project “Strengthening the N... more

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Climate–Poverty Connections: Opportunities for synergistic solutions at the intersection of planetary and human well-being

Project Drawdown (2022) CC

Project Drawdown (2022) provides evidence of how climate solutions can also be win-win opportunities for meeting development and human well-being needs while boosting prosperity for rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The report summarizes the co-benefits of five groups of a subs... more

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Uganda: Alternative Report to the UN Comittee of Experts on the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
recommended

National Union of Disabled Persons of Uganda (NUDIPU) (2013) C1

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#WhatWomenWant: a transformative framework for women, girls and gender equality in the context of HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

UNAIDS (2017) C1

This report brings attention to achieving gender equality in the context of women, girls, and the HIV response. This six-month consultation in 2016 with adolescent women and young girls found that #WhatWomenWant is: collaboration and joint action by all to invest in women's HIV and Sexual and Reprod... more

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Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of D

GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators The Lancet (2020) CC

Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases recommended

An Advocate’s Guide: Strategic Indicators for Universal Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights recommended

Uganda: Alternative Report to the UN Comittee of Experts on the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) recommended

Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases
recommended

An Advocate’s Guide: Strategic Indicators for Universal Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
recommended

Uganda: Alternative Report to the UN Comittee of Experts on the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
recommended