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This document suggests mechanisms that countries can use to respond to emergencies and disasters taking a whole of society and whole of government approach ensuring multisectoral engagement for health actions. It helps to run a participatory process of developing the national health response operati
...
ons plan that brings together all relevant sectors, public health experts, civil society and the international community under government leadership and facilitate ownership, adoption, testing through simulation and finally successful implementation in responding to emergencies and disasters from multiple hazards.
more
Hand hygiene is a simple yet powerful tool in interrupting the transmission of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and other infectious disease both in healthcare facilities and communities. However millions still lack access to basic hygiene services particularly in vulnerable and resource limited settings.
...
Governments must urgently ensure universal access to functioning hand hygiene stations in public and healthcare facilities, promote correct hand hygiene practices, and integrate hand hygiene into national polices and response strategies, to contain mpox. There is a need for multimodal approach- combining political leadership, availability of supplies, evidence based behavioral change strategies and strengthened healthcare practices is critical.
more
Key resources include the Manual for Disaster Response Teams, which helps experts plan public communication, exchange information, and manage media, ensuring crucial data reaches humanitarian actors
This toolkit lays out a framework for a waterborne disease investigation and consolidates resources to assist investigation activities.
The Waterborne Disease Outbreak Investigation Toolkit was designed to assist state and local health departments in conducting waterborne disease outbreak invest
...
igations. Using experiences of epidemiologists at the state and local levels, this toolkit describes best practices in preparing for, identifying, and responding to a waterborne disease outbreak.
more
It provides comprehensive guidance for logistics planners in humanitarian responses to pandemics, covering preparedness, response strategies, assessment methodologies, and operational planning.
Sustaining HIV Community-led Responses: Technical guidelines for costing and budgeting
UNAIDS
(2026)
Community-led responses (CLRs) are a vital pillar of the HIV response and central to achieving national and global targets, including the 30-80-60 commitments outlined in the 2021 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS. These guidelines provide practical, step-by-step methods for costing and budgetin
...
g community-led responses (CLRs), tailored to the unique features of CLRs. They are designed for use by community-led organizations (CLOs), their partners, national governments, policy-makers, donors, and researchers involved in planning, implementing, financing or evaluating CLRs that address HIV.
more
The lack of an African research ethics framework during epidemic emergencies (EE) has been a glaring concern
amongst African scholars for decades. In the context of major public health emergencies of continental and global health concern over the last five years, such as Ebola in 2019, COVID in 202
...
0 and Mpox in 2024, and ongoing epidemics, including those of pandemic potential, the need for such a framework is evident. Ethics frameworks for research during emergencies have been published (World Health Organisation, 2016; Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2020). However, there is currently no African and continent-wide, coherent guidance that promotes African values, elaborated by Africans for hosting research during EE on the continent. To address this gap, the African Centre for Disease Control convened an Ethics Working Group (Ethics WG) to develop an African
framework that embraces dominant African principles/values that might guide the ethical conduct of research in
more
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), covering its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It explains that Ebola is a severe zoonotic infection caused by the Ebola virus, most likely originating from fruit bats and tra
...
nsmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or body fluids. The article summarizes the history of Ebola outbreaks in Africa, including the major West African epidemic of 2013–2016 and subsequent outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It describes the disease’s clinical course, ranging from nonspecific flu-like symptoms to severe dehydration, multiorgan failure, shock, and death. The authors discuss diagnostic methods, supportive and intensive care management, emerging antiviral therapies and monoclonal antibodies, as well as the development and use of Ebola vaccines. The review also highlights the importance of infection control, contact tracing, community engagement, safe burial practices, and healthcare worker protection in controlling outbreaks. Finally, it addresses long-term complications in survivors and the persistence of Ebola virus in certain body compartments, particularly semen, which may contribute to delayed transmission.
more
Between April 2018 and November 2020, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) experienced its 11th Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak. Tanzania’s cross-border interactions with DRC through regular visitors, traders, and refugees are of concern, given the potential for further spread to neighboring
...
countries. This study aimed to estimate the risk of introducing EVD to Tanzania from DRC. National data for flights, boats, and car transport schedules from DRC to Tanzania covering the period of May 2018 to June 2019 were analyzed to describe population movement via land, port, and air travel and coupled with available surveillance data to model the risk of EVD entry. The land border crossing was considered the most frequently used means of travel and the most likely pathway of introducing EVD from DRC to Tanzania. High probabilities of introducing EVD from DRC to Tanzania through the assessed pathways were associated with the viability of the pathogen and low detection capacity at the ports of entry. This study provides important information regarding the elements contributing to the risk associated with the introduction of EBV in Tanzania. It also indicates that infected humans arriving via land are the most likely pathway of EBV entry, and therefore, mitigation strategies including land border surveillance should be strengthened.
more
This review article examines 42 years of Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa, from 1976 to 2019. The authors analyze the epidemiology, geographical distribution, mortality rates, and response strategies associated with 34 Ebola outbreaks across 11 African countries. The review
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identifies key challenges in controlling Ebola, including weak health systems, limited surveillance and laboratory capacity, sociocultural practices, environmental changes, and community mistrust. It also discusses advances in diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines, and emphasizes the importance of a One Health approach, community engagement, effective communication, and stronger healthcare systems to improve preparedness, prevention, and response to future Ebola outbreaks.
more
The Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator’s Country Readiness and Delivery workstream has released guidance on developing a national deployment and vaccination plan (NDVP) for COVID-19 vaccines. This course is intended to help national and sub-national focal points in countries develop the ND
...
VP and prepare for COVID-19 vaccine introduction.
Available in English and Macedonian
more
En el Plan estratégico de preparación y respuesta frente a la COVID-19, del 2021, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud invita a las autoridades nacionales a actualizar los planes nacionales para la COVID-19 a fin de incorporar las enseñanzas extraídas a lo largo del 2020, de prever los reto
...
s que habrá en el 2021 y de prepararse para ellos, incluida la preparación de todos los sistemas de salud para introducir de manera segura y equitativa nuevas herramientas para combatir la COVID-19, como las vacunas. En esta Orientación para la planificación operativa, que acompaña al plan estratégico de preparación y respuesta para el 2021, se proponen medidas prácticas de alto nivel en cada uno de los diez pilares de la preparación y la respuesta, que los países pueden adaptar según corresponda y ejecutar a escala nacional y subnacional para alcanzar los objetivos estratégicos del plan.
more
En s’appuyant sur les ODD et sur la Stratégie mondiale, ainsi que sur la Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant (CRC) et sur la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes (CEDAW ), l’UNICEF imagine un monde où aucun enfant ne décède
...
de maladies évitables, et où chacun d’entre eux réalise pleinement son potentiel sur le plan de la santé et du bien-être. Pour les cinq premières années (2016-20), la Stratégie de l’UNICEF en matière de santé (ci-après dénommée «la Stratégie») fixe deux grands objectifs :
1. Mettre fin aux décès évitables de mères, de nouveau-nés et d’enfants;
2. Promouvoir la santé et le développement de tous les enfants.
Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la Stratégie prend en considération les besoins des enfants en matière de santé à tous les stades de la vie. more
1. Mettre fin aux décès évitables de mères, de nouveau-nés et d’enfants;
2. Promouvoir la santé et le développement de tous les enfants.
Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la Stratégie prend en considération les besoins des enfants en matière de santé à tous les stades de la vie. more
National Strategic Plan of Ministry of Health 2015-2019
La République Démocratique du Congo connait une fragilité sociale issue de divers conflits communautaires qui ont déstabilisés le tissu économique du pays sans épargner le secteur éducatif depuis plusieurs années. Les sources de fragilité sont aussi liées à la pauvreté de la population
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et à l’insécurité alimentaire (15,5 millions de personnes en 2019). De plus, le pays fait face à d’autres crises comme les catastrophes naturelles et différentes épidémies y compris le Cholera, la maladie a virus d’Ébola et COVID19.
more
The Zambia Population Based HIV impact assessment of 2016, reported the prevalence of viral hepatitis in Zambia as ranging between 5.6% among adults aged 15 to 59% in the general population, and 7.1% among HIV infected individuals. It is estimated that the majority of persons with chronic hepatitis
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B and/ or hepatitis C are unware of their infection and do not benefit from promotive, preventive and curative services designed to reduce onward transmission. Zambia introduced hepatitis B virus vaccine to the routine Under 5 vaccination schedule in 2005. Preliminary results from the ZAMPHIA indicate that hundreds of infections have been abated in children since then. However, its also clear that we continue to miss key opportunities to prevent transmission, diagnose and treat infections, prevent serious disease, and in many cases cure people. In addition, high risk groups inter alia health care workers still have limited access to the vaccine.
more
