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Access to safe, effective and quality-assured health products and technologies is crucial for achieving universal health coverage and primary health care goals. The continued growth of the aging population; increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases; growing burden of mental health issues; climat
...
e change; shifting patterns of vector borne diseases, fungal disease and waterborne diseases; antimicrobial resistance; and new infectious hazards create an ongoing need for equitable access to safe, effective and quality-assured health products and technologies, and renewed investments in research and development for innovative health products and technologies.
The coronavirus pandemic exposed the inequalities in access to health products, highlighting the need for longer-term strategies to strengthen access to health products and technologies outside of and in emergency situations. While technological and scientific advances present an opportunity to increase access to health products and technologies, the risk of increasing inequality due to higher prices for new health products and technologies; the persisting problem of substandard and falsified medical products; a lack of skilled workforce in many low- and middle-income countries; and a lack of data for decisionmaking and for measuring progress present significant challenges.
more
The World Health Organization recently redefined leprosy elimination as a phased process, with the first milestone being the
interruption of transmission, achieved when no new child cases (defined as younger than 15 years) are reported for five consecutive years.
In Pakistan, the well-functioning
...
leprosy programme, with effective case management, context-specific active case-finding strategies and
a robust data management system, has contributed to a decrease in new cases. Between 2001 and 2023, new adult cases dropped by 75%
(from 878 cases to 220 cases annually) and child cases by 83% (from 93 to 16). To support the country’s goal of no new child cases by 2030
and ultimately eliminate the disease, the nongovernmental organizations Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre and Aid to Leprosy Patients, with
support from the German Leprosy and Tuberculosis Relief Association, have developed a zero leprosy roadmap. As part of this roadmap,
the leprosy elimination strategy emphasizes improving active case-finding and providing post-exposure prophylaxis for contacts of leprosy
cases, who are at the highest risk
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This publication provides an overview of evidence and guidance on the growing challenge of workplace heat stress in the context of climate change. It highlights the health and productivity risks faced by billions of workers, especially in manual labor sectors. The report details the physiological, s
...
ocioeconomic, and mental health impacts of heat stress and outlines evidence-based strategies for prevention and mitigation. It emphasizes the need for occupational heat action programmes, stakeholder collaboration, and tailored interventions to protect vulnerable workers, reduce productivity losses, and support sustainable development in a warming world.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and malaria remain significant public health challenges in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). In 2021, the region reported 1.7 million sepsis-related deaths, with 373,000 associated with bacterial AMR. High antibiotic consumption, particularly in high-income c
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ountries, combined with rising usage in middle-income countries, has accelerated the emergence of drug-resistant infections. Malaria management is further complicated by biological threats, including vector insecticide resistance, PFHRP2/3 gene deletions, and antimalarial drug resistance, alongside insufficient trained personnel and limited molecular surveillance capacity. Effective strategies to address these challenges include strengthening regional and cross-border surveillance networks, designating WHO collaborating centers for molecular monitoring, enforcing national treatment policies, and raising public and healthcare provider awareness about rational antimalarial and antibiotic use. These measures, coupled with sustainable funding and enhanced therapeutic efficacy studies, are essential to reduce the development and spread of drug-resistant malaria and improve overall health outcomes in the EMR.
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Campbell Syst Review Vol. 18 no.1.
Despite progress in several dimensions of the global HIV response, there seems to be a significant gender and age disparity. Numerous organizations consider it a top priority to accelerate HIV prevention programming among Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) as
...
unequal gender norms, limited agency and voice, and reduced access to resources put them at higher HIV risk. Gender and age have also been identified as critical gaps within prevention research to ensure the development of biomedical interventions that are responsive to the biological and social needs of AGYW. Towards this, the objectives of the proposed evidence and gap map are to; identify and map existing evidence and gaps on the use of diverse Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) strategies to strengthen adoption of HIV prevention measures and participation in research among AGYW in LMICs; and, identify areas where more interventions and evidence are needed to inform the design of future SBCC strategies and programs for AGYW engagement in HIV prevention and research.
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Global tuberculosis report 2025
recommended
The WHO Global tuberculosis report 2025 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and of progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, at global, regional and country levels. This is done in the context of global TB commitments,
...
strategies and targets.
The 2025 edition of the report is, as usual, based primarily on data gathered by WHO from national ministries of health in annual rounds of data collection. In 2025, 184 countries and areas with more than 99% of the world’s population and TB cases reported data.
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The Rural Emergency Preparedness and Response Toolkit provides a comprehensive overview of how rural and tribal communities can prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and disasters. It explains the unique challenges rural areas face—such as limited resources, geographic isolation, a
...
nd vulnerable populations—and offers evidence-based strategies, best practices, and real-world examples to strengthen local preparedness. The toolkit outlines key components of emergency planning, coordinated response structures, and long-term recovery efforts, while also describing the types of emergencies rural communities are most likely to encounter, including natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and infrastructure failures. In addition, it highlights available funding opportunities, organizational tools, and capacity-building resources to support communities in developing resilient emergency systems and continuously improving their preparedness based on lessons learned.
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PLoS One 20(5): e0319807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.031980
The implementation of people-centered, evidence-driven, culturally, and religiously
sensitive program enabled SFH to reach a high number of AP in northern Nigeria. This
helps improve equity in access to care by AP. There are sp
...
ecific program areas that need
continuous improvement including strategies to reach MSM to avoid the evolution of
new structural barriers; expansion of PWID programming to optimize all aspects of harm
reduction; and sustained sensitization, education, and awareness creation among AP to
improve uptake of PrEP and other prevention and care services.
more
This online course is a comprehensive eight-module online activity covering key aspects of HIV care, including epidemiology, immunology, antiretroviral therapy, and primary care considerations. It explores comorbidities, opportunistic infections, PrEP guidelines, and co-infections such as hepatitis
...
and tuberculosis. Designed for healthcare providers, this course offers an in-depth understanding of HIV management, prevention strategies, and the latest advancements in treatment. Registration is free
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The paper “Artificial Intelligence for Public Health Surveillance in Africa: Applications and Opportunities” examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can improve public health systems across Africa, particularly in low-resource settings. It explores how machine learning and other AI techniques
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are being used for disease detection, outbreak prediction, real-time surveillance, and health resource management.
The authors focus on major public health challenges such as HIV, cholera, Ebola, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, COVID-19, and mental health. Through numerous case studies, the paper shows that AI can enhance the accuracy and speed of disease detection, predict outbreaks more effectively than traditional methods, support vaccination strategies, and optimize healthcare resource allocation. At the same time, it discusses important barriers to implementation, including limited data quality, infrastructure constraints, ethical concerns, and shortages of technical expertise.
Overall, the paper highlights AI’s strong potential to strengthen disease surveillance and health outcomes in Africa while emphasizing the need for careful integration, improved data systems, and supportive policy frameworks.
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The document “Public Health Surveillance for Cholera – Guidance Document (2024)” provides practical recommendations for countries on how to design, implement, and strengthen cholera surveillance systems. Developed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC), it outlines the minimum req
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uirements for detecting, confirming, reporting, and monitoring cholera cases and outbreaks.
The guidance explains the core functions of cholera surveillance, including case detection, laboratory testing (such as RDTs, culture, and PCR), routine data collection, outbreak notification, case and field investigation, data analysis, and performance monitoring. It also describes how surveillance strategies should be adapted depending on whether a country is experiencing no outbreak, clustered transmission, or community transmission.
Overall, the document aims to help countries establish adaptive, fit-for-purpose surveillance systems that enable early outbreak detection, guide timely response measures, and support long-term cholera control and elimination efforts.
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The WHO Global Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Surveillance page describes a World Health Organization initiative under the Global Influenza Programme to monitor RSV infections worldwide. It explains that WHO uses the existing Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) to collect st
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andardized epidemiological and laboratory data on RSV, in order to understand patterns such as seasonality, disease burden, and age groups at highest risk, especially in young children. The surveillance system aims to support countries in tracking RSV activity, improve detection and laboratory capacity, and generate evidence that can guide public health policies, including the use of vaccines and preventive measures. Overall, the text emphasizes building a global platform for RSV surveillance integrated with influenza monitoring to inform better respiratory virus control strategies.
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The text explains the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS), a surveillance system used in the United States to collect and analyze data about disease outbreaks. It describes how health departments report outbreaks caused by food, water, person-to-person contact, environmental exposure, or unkno
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wn sources. The system helps public health authorities monitor trends, identify causes of outbreaks, and improve prevention strategies. By gathering and sharing outbreak information, NORS supports better responses to public health threats and helps reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
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Paving the Way for One Health: Highlights of the Global Programme Pandemic Prevention and Response, One Health
Haensel L., Argote K., Stübel E.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GIZ
(2024)
CC
The document “Paving the Way for One Health: Highlights of the Global Programme Pandemic Prevention and Response, One Health” presents the work and achievements of the global programme implemented by the German development agency GIZ to strengthen pandemic prevention using the One Health approac
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h. The report highlights how collaboration between the human health, animal health, and environmental sectors can help detect and prevent zoonotic diseases before they spread. It describes activities carried out in partner countries, such as improving surveillance systems, strengthening laboratory capacities, supporting cross-sector cooperation, and building the skills of health professionals. The document also showcases practical examples and project results that demonstrate how integrated One Health strategies contribute to better preparedness and more effective responses to future health threats. Overall, the report illustrates how international cooperation and interdisciplinary approaches can reduce the risk of pandemics and improve global health security.
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Guide to revision of national pandemic influenza preparedness plans - Lessons learned from the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic
Brown C., Ciotti M., Hegermann-Lindencrone M., et al
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), WHO Regional Office for Europe
(2017)
C_WHO
The document “Guide to revision of national pandemic influenza preparedness plans – Lessons learned from the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic” provides guidance for countries on how to improve and update their national pandemic preparedness plans. It is based on lessons learned from the 2009 influenza pa
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ndemic and aims to help governments strengthen their readiness for future pandemics. The report outlines key components of effective pandemic planning, including risk assessment, coordination between sectors, communication strategies, healthcare system preparedness, vaccination and antiviral strategies, and business continuity planning. It also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and flexible planning that can adapt to different pandemic scenarios. Overall, the guide serves as a framework to support countries in developing stronger, more coordinated responses to future influenza pandemics.
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This eLearning course is for practicing health professionals around the globe who currently have a client population at high-risk for contracting HIV and provide or will provide Oral PrEP or Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). The course has four interactive lessons and begins with identifying suitable
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candidates for Oral PrEP use. It then continues with initiating Oral PrEP in a client and special situations you may encounter. It concludes with key counseling strategies, including minimization of PrEP stigma.
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The webpage explains “Preparedness 2.0,” a regional strategy by the World Health Organization (WHO) for Europe aimed at strengthening countries’ ability to prevent, prepare for, and respond to health emergencies. It outlines a five-year action plan (2024–2029) that supports member states in
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building resilient health systems, improving coordination, and enhancing capacities for dealing with future crises such as pandemics or other public health threats. The approach emphasizes continuous learning, cooperation across sectors, and aligning national plans with global health security frameworks, while providing practical tools and guidance to help countries implement and improve their preparedness strategies.
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The webpage describes how the Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative is being implemented in the Americas to strengthen pandemic preparedness and response. It explains that PRET promotes a unified approach by grouping diseases according to how they spread (such as respira
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tory or vector-borne), allowing countries to use shared systems and resources more efficiently. The initiative focuses on improving coordination, reducing duplication of efforts, and aligning technical strategies across countries. PAHO supports countries in developing and updating national preparedness plans—especially for respiratory pandemics—through structured steps and by providing access to existing national plans and resources. Overall, the text highlights regional collaboration and capacity-building to ensure that countries in the Americas are better prepared for future health emergencies.
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The text is a report from a WHO meeting that focuses on strengthening research in the field of health emergency and disaster risk management (Health EDRM). It describes how experts from different regions discussed current challenges, progress, and future priorities in improving research to better pr
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epare for and respond to health emergencies and disasters. A central theme is the need for stronger collaboration between countries, institutions, and disciplines, as well as better use of evidence to support policies and decision-making. The report also outlines key actions, such as improving data sharing, developing practical guidance for policymakers, increasing research capacity—especially in low- and middle-income countries—and ensuring that research findings are effectively translated into real-world practice. Overall, the text emphasizes global cooperation and evidence-based strategies to enhance preparedness and resilience against health threats.
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To support countries in their efforts to strengthen detection of tuberculosis (TB) disease and drug resistance, WHO issues evidence-based policy guidance on TB testing that is routinely updated.
Since the most recent consolidated guidelines on TB diagnosis were issued in 2025, evidence became ava
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ilable on new tests, sample types, and strategies for the initial diagnosis of TB with and without drug resistance detection. In an updated edition that will be published shortly, WHO is recommending for the first time, new near-point-of-care (NPOC) molecular tests for the diagnosis of TB; easy-to-collect tongue swab samples to simplify and expand access to testing; and a cost-saving sputum pooling strategy to increase testing efficiency for TB and rifampicin-resistant TB.
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