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African Union AMR Landmark Report: Voicing African Priorities on the Active Pandemic

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a leading cause of death in the African region, surpassing fatalities from malaria, HIV, and TB. In response to this critical threat, the region has adopted the AMR Global Action Plan and the African Union Framework for Antimicrobial Resistance Control 2...020 – 2025, which is tailored to meet the specific needs of African nations through a coordinated approach. While most countries in the region have developed and prioritized National Action Plans (NAPs) to tackle AMR, the overall response remains inadequate given the magnitude of the threat, which endangers human, animal, environmental, aquatic, and plant health. Africa bears a significant burden of infectious diseases, accounting for approximately 95% of malaria deaths, 70% of people living with HIV, and 25% of TB deaths globally. In 2019, AMR was linked to approximately 55,000 deaths from HIV, 30,000 from malaria, and 255,000 overall. Major drivers of AMR in the region include the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in human and food systems, migration, suboptimal vaccination rates, and environmental contamination from hospital and pharmaceutical effluents. Additionally, there is a lack of access to quality-assured antimicrobials and diagnostics, compounded by inadequate knowledge about AMR. Unlike high-income countries, where indiscriminate antimicrobial use is the primary factor driving AMR, African countries face additional challenges, including a lack of access to clean and safe water, poor Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programs, inadequate infection prevention measures, and suboptimal vaccinations for preventable diseases. One in three hospitals in the region lacks clean, safe running water, and one in eight people defecate openly due to inadequate sanitation. Investments in WASH, infection prevention, and biosecurity could save approximately 700,000 lives annually. Addressing AMR in Africa requires a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach involving the entire society. Sustainable access to antimicrobials, including antibiotics, vaccines, and therapeutics, is crucial, as lack of access leads to more morbidity and mortality than AMR itself. Support for the region should focus on preventing infections, strengthening health and food systems, developing human resources, ensuring sustainable access to diagnostics and therapeutics, and investing in laboratory infrastructure to support surveillance and data generation. more

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Namibia: National Public Health Laboratory Policy

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2012) C1

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Malawi National Health Indicators

Ministry of Health, Malawi; CENTRAL MONITORING A ND EVALUATION DIVISI ON (CMED) (2015) C1

Draft version

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Kenya Health Sector Referral Strategy (2014– 2018)

Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health, Division of Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (2014) C1

The overall goal of the Kenya Health Sector Referral Strategy is to improve client access to referral. The objectives of the strategy are to realise improved capacity of health providers to identify clients who require referral, develop protocols that will lead to referral system efficiency and effe... more

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Ethiopia: Health Sector Transformation Plan 2015/16 - 2019/20 (2008-2012 EFY)

Ministry of Health, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2015) C1

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Kenya: National Cancer Control Strategy 2017-2022

Ministry of Health, Kenya (2017) C1

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GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POINT-OF-CARE CD 4 TESTING TECHNOLOGIES IN ETHIOPIA

Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (2013) C1

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Nepal: Integrated Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey on Street Involved Children and Youth in Kathmandu Valley, Round I, 2016

Ministry of Health Nepal; National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) (2016) C1

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National Action Plan for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance In the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (2018-2022)

Ministry of Health Jordan (2018) C_WHO

The objectives of NAP are aligned with the global action plan based on national needs and priorities. The emphasis is on One Health approach with all sectors especially human health, animal health and environment contributing towards minimizing the emergence and impact of AMR in Jordan.

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National HIV Point-of-care testing generic implementation guideline for health care settings
recommended

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Programme, Tanzania (2016) CC

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HIV Testing Services Strategy 2017-2020

Zimbabwe, Ministry of Health and Child Care (2017) C1

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Global Health Initiative Strategy for Sierra Leone

US Embassy Freetown (2011) C1

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Multi-sectoral National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2027 (Zambia)
recommended

Government of the Republic of Zambia (2018) CC

Zambia has recognised the Public Health threat of antimicrobial resistance and its impact on morbidity and mortality, as well as the subsequent economic consequences. The country has recorded microorganisms which have developed resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Notable among these are; Multidrug Re... more

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Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Laboratories for TB Control in Cambodia

National Centre for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control (CENAT) , Cambodia Ministry of Health, Camboida (2007) CC

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The National Tuberculosis Health Sector Strategic Plan 2015-2020
recommended

Bonsu FA, Hanson-Nortey NN, Afutu FK et al. Ghana, Ministry of Health (2014) C1

The mandate of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme is to provide leadership and stewardship to accelerate intense and coordinated efforts to reduce the adult TB burden of 290 per 100,000 population recently established in the 2013 National TB Prevalence Survey. Other key challenges are low T... more

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Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Guidance for the African Region

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Antimicrobials are medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to these medicines, ren... more

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TB India 2014 Annual Status Report-Revised National TB Control Programme

National Rural Health Mission, DOTS (2014)

Reach the Unreached - FIND, TREAT, CURE TB, SAVE LIVES

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National HIV viral load testing guidelines to support HIV and AIDS prevention, care and treatment
recommended

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Programme, Tanzania (2015) C1

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National Strategic Plan 2017-2025 for TB Elimination in India (Draft Version)

Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2017) C1

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National Operational Plan for Scaling up HIV Viral Load Testing
recommended

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Programme, Tanzania (2015) CC

National HIV Point-of-care testing generic implementation guideline for health care settings recommended

Multi-sectoral National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2027 (Zambia) recommended

The National Tuberculosis Health Sector Strategic Plan 2015-2020 recommended

National HIV viral load testing guidelines to support HIV and AIDS prevention, care and treatment recommended

National Operational Plan for Scaling up HIV Viral Load Testing recommended

National HIV Point-of-care testing generic implementation guideline for health care settings
recommended

Multi-sectoral National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2027 (Zambia)
recommended

The National Tuberculosis Health Sector Strategic Plan 2015-2020
recommended

National HIV viral load testing guidelines to support HIV and AIDS prevention, care and treatment
recommended

National Operational Plan for Scaling up HIV Viral Load Testing
recommended