Search database
LIST OPTIONS
Filter
240
Filtered Results: 240
Text search: Roy, H.
Featured
Language
Document type
No document type
117
Studies & Reports
52
Guidelines
38
Manuals
16
Training Material
6
Fact sheets
6
Strategic & Response Plan
5
Countries / Regions
India
15
Global
8
Bangladesh
7
Brazil
5
Russia
5
Mozambique
4
Latin America and the Carribbean
4
Germany
4
Western and Central Europe
4
Kenya
3
Lesotho
3
Sierra Leone
3
Zimbabwe
3
Africa
3
Ukraine
2
Ghana
2
Burkina Faso
2
Venezuela
2
Paraguay
2
Jamaica
2
Uganda
2
Eastern Europe
2
Angola
2
Zambia
2
Nepal
1
Colombia
1
Mexico
1
Turkey
1
China
1
Nigeria
1
Kyrgyzstan
1
Afghanistan
1
Malawi
1
Philippines
1
USA
1
Haiti
1
Cambodia
1
Asia
1
Guinea-Bissau
1
Middle East and North Africa
1
Western Pacific Region
1
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
1
North America
1
France
1
United Kingdom
1
Portugal
1
Spain
1
Argentina
1
South Africa
1
Vietnam
1
Yemen
1
Palestine
1
Ethiopia
1
Botswana
1
South Sudan
1
Indonesia
1
Liberia
1
Pakistan
1
Authors & Publishers
World Health Organization WHO
32
et al.
10
WHO
9
World Health Organisation (WHO)
7
World Health Organization
7
World Health Organization (WHO)
7
USAID
6
Kamala Achu, Kathy Al Jubah, Svein Brodtkorb, et al.
5
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Tsunami Global Lessons Learned Project
4
Pan American Health Organisation PAHO
4
EngenderHealth
3
Global Heart
3
IACAPAP
3
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
3
Managment of Health Sciences MSH
3
unicef
3
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Africa
3
BioMed Central
2
Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development Journal (DCIDJ)
2
F. D. Zepf
2
First Draft, Yale Insitute for Global Health
2
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
2
Neurology Asia
2
Pan American Health Organization PAHO
2
PLOS One
2
The Public Good Projects
2
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
2
A. M. Tavares
1
A. Roy, M. Eisenhut, R. . Harris, et al.
1
A. Teltschik
1
A.B. A. Boxall, D. W. Kolpin, et al.
1
Abela-Ridder, B.
1
Adams, J
1
African Religious Health Assets Programme (ARHAP)
1
Agar Brugiavini and Noemi Pace
1
Aguayo, Victor M. et al.
1
Agudelo Calderón,C.
1
Al Delaimy W., Ramanathan V., Sanchez Sorondo M. et al.
1
Alexander Lourdes Samy, Zahra Fazli Khalaf, & Wah-Yun Low
1
Aliku, T. et al.
1
ALNAP
1
Amini, M.
1
Anand, Shuchi
1
Annual Reviews
1
Asaduzzaman, M. et al.
1
B. K. Roy
1
B. M. McCoy
1
B.S. Kamps
1
Bartlett, E. S.
1
Biancovilli, p.
1
BMC Public Health
1
bmj
1
Buendía, J.
1
C. and B. Kwagala
1
C. S. Biskup
1
C. S. Biskup, Martin Holtmann
1
Camp, R. and C. Hoffmann
1
Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE)
1
Caroline Hickman, Elizabeth Marks, Panu Pihkala et al.
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1
Centre for Disability Studies, NALSAR University of Law Hyderabad
1
CERAH
1
Charles B. Nemeroff
1
Chatanga, Peter
1
Chitereka, J., P. Mandikutse, D. Nguo, N. Sithole, and N. Madzingira
1
Christa L Fischer Walker, Igor Rudan, Li Liu, Harish Nair, et al.
1
Christoffel-Blindenmission (CBM)
1
CHUM
1
Clare Gilbert
1
Cleary A. , Braubach M.
1
Cohen, R., Sharonann, L., Bygrave, H., et al
1
Cole CP, James PB, Kargbo AT
1
Community Eye Health
1
Convention on Biological Diversity
1
CoPEH Canada
1
CoreGroup
1
Dan Chisholm, Kim Sweeny, Peter Sheehan, et al.
1
de JOng, L.
1
Dermatol Venez, Univerisdad Central de Venezuela
1
Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
1
Dr. A. M. Z. Hussain
1
Dr. Qavi
1
Dr. Rizvi
1
Duke UniversityMedical Center, Durham
1
E. A. Cooreman
1
Eba, B.
1
Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development
1
Environment International
1
Eriksen, M.
1
Erle C. Ellis
1
Esterhuizen, J.
1
et al
1
European Union (EU)
1
European Union EU
1
Ferreira, J.P.
1
Fiona Charlson, Suhailah Ali, Jura Augustinavicius et al.
1
Flor, L.S.
1
Florian Daniel Zepf, Caroline Sarah Biskup, Martin Holtmann, &amp
1
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
1
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
1
Fundación Celestina Pérez de Almada, et al.
1
G.C Frey, and V. A Temple
1
Gaziano, Thomas A.
1
Global Coalition for Circulatory Health
1
Global Task Force On Cholera Control (GTFCC)
1
Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)
1
Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health
1
Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services ...
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation
1
Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh DGHS Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1
Government of the Philippines
1
Guo Y., , Ye T., et al.
1
H. Thirumurthy, E. Omanga, B. Obonyo et al.
1
Halaharvi, H.
1
Harding, Kassandra L.
1
Hindawi
1
Hoffmann, C.
1
Hopkins, D.
1
Human Rights Watch HRW
1
Hunter, R.F.
1
I. Couto
1
I. Fronteira
1
IASS Potsdam
1
ICF International
1
India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators
1
Indian Council of Medical Research
1
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
1
Institut de Formation et de Recherche Interdisciplinaires en sciences de la Santé et de l’Education (IFRISSE)
1
International council of Nurses
1
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies
1
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)
1
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International
1
International Journal of Behavioral Science
1
International Plant Nutrition Institute, International Fertilizer Industry Association
1
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union)
1
IPNI, IFA
1
J Epidemiol Community Health
1
J. A. Caminero, A. Van Deun, P. I. Fujiwara, et. al
1
J. A. Triccas, C. Counoupas
1
J. Atkinson, Y. Chartier, C.L.Pessoa-Silva, et.al
1
J. R. Busza
1
Jindal, D.
1
José A. Caminero
1
Journal of Clinical Medicine
1
Journal of the International AIDS Society
1
Journal of the International AIDS Society (JIAS)
1
K. Khalid, A.Wharton-Smith, et al.
1
K. Runions
1
K. Zok, and F. Faulbaum
1
Kamala Achu, Kathy Al Jubah, Svein Brodtkorb, Philippe Chervin, Peter Coleridge, Mike Davies, Sunil Deepak, Kenneth Eklindh, Ann Goerdt, Cindy Greer, Karen Heinicke-Motsch, Derek Hooper, Venus B Ilagan, Natalie Jessup, Chapal Khasnabis, Diane Mulligan, Barbara Murray, Alana Officer, Francesca Ortali, Bob Ransom, Aline Robert, Sue Stubbs, Maya Thomas, Venkatesh Balakrishna et Roselyn Wabuge-Mwangi.
1
Kamps, B.S.
1
Kengne, A.P. et al.
1
Kevin Runions
1
Koenig, H.G.
1
Kovacic, V.
1
Kraus, S.
1
Kumar Roy., S. and S. Bhattacharjee
1
L. C. M. Lebreton, H. S. Carson et al.
1
L. Makszin and C.Jurberg
1
Lancaster, C.L., Teeters, J.B., Gros, D.F., Back, S.E.
1
Leidi Herrera
1
Libby Cohen
1
Lowey, S.E.
1
LSHTM
1
Lubit, R.H. & Giardino, E.R.
1
M. Holtmann
1
M. Prescott, C. Boeke, T. Gotora, et al.
1
M. Vitoriaa
1
Mangwiro, TNC.
1
Manolito L. Chua, Marissa M. Alejandria
1
Maritza Padrón-Nieves, Wilmer Alcázar, Alicia Ponte-Sucre
1
McCullagh S, Hunter B, Houle K et al.
1
Medecins Sans Frontieres
1
Medscape
1
Meyfroidt, P.
1
Mèdecines sans Frontières MSF
1
Médecins sans Frontières MSF
1
Michael T. Osterholma, Kristine A. Moorea, Nicholas S. Kelley et al.
1
Migration Policy Institute
1
Ministerio da Saude Brasil
1
Ministerio da Saude, Brasilia
1
Ministerio da Saude, CONASS, Conasems et al.
1
Ministerio de la Protección Social, Colombia
1
Ministerio de Salud Argentina
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
1
Ministry of Health & Social Welfare India
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Ministry of Health, Zimbabwe
1
Minja, N.W.
1
Mitchell, S. et al.
1
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report MMWR
1
MSF South Africa and Lesotho
1
Mugomeri, Eltony
1
N. Forda
1
N. G. Kiobi, S. N. Nebere, J. K. Karanja
1
Nakagaayi, D.
1
Nankinga, O.
1
Nathan Grills, Lawrence Singh, Hira Pant, Jubin Varghese, GVS Murthy, Monsurul Hoq, Manjula Marella
1
National AIDS
1
National Health Mission
1
National Libary of Medicine
1
Neuron Review
1
NSW Health and University of Western Sydney
1
O. M. Balakireva
1
Ogden Stephanie et al
1
Ogden, S., Gallo, K., Davis, S., et al
1
OMS, École de Santé Publique Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
1
Open Heart
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS)
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud
1
P. Clayden
1
Pan American Health Organization
1
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
1
Pan American Health Organization - PAHO
1
Pardo, R.
1
Perrotta, Kim
1
PGP, UNICEF, Yale Institute for Global Health
1
Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
1
Pim Cuijpers, Laura Shields-Zeeman, Bethany Hipple Walters, Ionela Petrea
1
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1
PMC
1
PMC (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health)
1
Pneumonia
1
PubMed.gov
1
R. C. Vreeman
1
R. Diel, B. Hauer, R. Loddenkemper, et al.
1
R.d M. Rapee
1
rabhakaran, Dorairaj
1
Raditladi, Tirelo et al.
1
Rashed Al Mahmud Titumir, Jakir Hossain
1
Rational Pharmaceutical Management Project
1
Redfern, J. et al.
1
Rehabilitation Council of India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
1
Research Gate
1
Ritu Kalgotra, Jaspal Singh Warwal
1
Robert-Koch-Institut RKI
1
Roy, H.
1
Roy, S. et al.
1
Rune J. Simeonsson
1
S. Bhattachrya
1
S. de Bruin, J. Knoop and J. van Vliet
1
S. Ferreira Júnior, H. B. de Oliveira, L. Marin-Léon
1
S. Galwankar
1
S. K. Das
1
S. Lee
1
S. P. Saha
1
Salehi, M.
1
Sarity Dodson, Suvajee Good and Richard Osborne
1
Schell, C.O.
1
Schmid B, Thomas E, Olivier J and Cochrane JR.
1
Schramm, P,J.
1
Schröder, H.
1
Scientific Electronic Library Online
1
Shekhar Saxena , Etienne Krug, Oleg Chestnov et al.
1
SIAPS
1
Sightsavers, Department for International Development, The International Trachoma Initiative , et al.
1
Sliwa, K.
1
Sociedad Paraguaya de Infectologia (SPI)
1
South Africa's Dept. of Health
1
Souto Medeiros, D. et al.
1
SPI
1
Subho Chakrabarti
1
Sudhir Anand and Victoria Fan
1
Sustainable Clubfoot Care in Bangladesh
1
T. K. Banerjee
1
Tapash Roy et al.
1
Tapash Roy, Lucy Marci, Rashed H. Chowdhury, Kaosar Afsana, Henry Perry
1
The Lancet
1
The Lancet Planetary Health
1
The World Bank
1
Tirados, I.
1
Toru Hifumi et al.
1
Tribuna del Investigador
1
Tromp, J.
1
U.S. Global Change Research Program
1
UN Children´s Fund
1
UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
1
UN Environment Programme
1
UNICEF ROSA
1
Unión Internacional Contra la Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Respiratorias
1
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1
United Nations Population Fund
1
University of Zambia
1
V. Parikh
1
V. Tucci
1
Vaidyanathan, A.
1
Vale, GA et al.
1
Wang, Wenjuan, Michelle Winner, Clara Burgert, and Josh Colston
1
Weiss, A.
1
WHO SEARO/Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases
1
Wieland B., Flintan F., et al.
1
Wilkinson, J.L.
1
Wisner, B
1
Wissenschaftliches Institut der AOK
1
Wolters Kluwer Health
1
Word Health Organization WHO
1
World Health Organitarion
1
World Health Organization WHO
1
World Health Organization - Regional Office South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe
1
Yohaness Garoy E., Y. Berhane Gebreab, O. Okoth Achila et al.
1
Yuyun, M.F.
1
Zayeri, F.
1
Zhao,Q.
1
ВОЗ и Международная организация по проблемам болезни Альцгеймера
1
Publication Years
Category
Studies & Reports
23
Guidelines
19
COVID-19
13
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
8
Disaster Preparedness
7
TB
6
Non-communicable Diseases
5
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
4
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
4
Disabilities
4
Reproductive Health
4
Yellow Fever
3
Demograhic Health Surveys DHS
3
Policies
3
Women & Child Health
3
Capacity Building
3
WASH
3
Immunization
3
NTDs & Others
3
Disease Prevention & Control
3
Community Health
2
Maternal & Child Health
2
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
2
Cardiovascular Diseases
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Drugs & Medical Equipment
2
Community Health
2
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
2
Mental Health
2
Respiratory Infections
2
General Guidelines
2
Health Systems
2
Maternal Health
2
Dental & Eye Care
1
Rabies
1
Family Planning
1
Child Health
1
Taeniasis/ Cysticercosis
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Nutrition
1
Snakebites
1
Pharmaceutical Assessments
1
Chagas
1
Diarrhoeal Disease/Cholera
1
Child protection
1
Statistics
1
Diarrhoea
1
Surgery & Anaesthesia
1
Needs Assessment
1
Leprosy
1
Primary Health Care
1
Age & Elderly
1
Food Security & Nutrition
1
Toolboxes
Country specific documents
7
Long COVID/ Post-COVID Syndrome
7
Disaster Preparedness & Prevention
7
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
7
Guidelines CBR
6
Adults
5
Prevention & Preparedness
5
Diagnostics & Laboratory Guidance
5
Climate Change General
5
Climate & Health
4
Clinical Guidelines
4
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
4
Communication Material
4
Studies & Reports
4
Rational use of Medicine
4
Prevention & Strategies
4
Assessment & Response
4
Intellectual Disability
3
Prevention & Control
3
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
3
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
3
Studies
3
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
3
RCCE Guides & Manuals
3
Land-system change
3
General Guidelines for Rational Use
3
Others
3
Water Pollution
3
Studies & Reports
3
Neurological Disorders
3
Outbreak Prevention & Control
2
IPC
2
Vaccines & Immunization
2
Yellow Fever Prevention & Control
2
Policies & Programmes
2
Latin America
2
Training
2
Latin America
2
Children
2
Clinical Aspects
2
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
2
Vaccine Hesitancy & Myths
2
Nurses
2
Planetary Health
2
Reports
2
Clean air
2
HIV &TB
2
Mental Health
2
Heat
2
Drug resistant TB
2
Assessment
2
Anxiety Disorders
2
Planetary Health
2
Depression
2
Gender Aspects
1
Drugs
1
Natural Disaster
1
Assessment & Studies
1
HIV in Children and mental health
1
TB & Drug Abuse
1
Accessibility
1
Posttraumatic stress disorder Adults
1
Background PTSD in children
1
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
1
Studies & Reports
1
Diagnosis & Treatment PTSD in Children
1
Children & Adolescents
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
Opportunistic Infections
1
WASH
1
Neuropsychology of Trauma
1
Substance Use Disorders, Others
1
Human Rights, Stigma & Discrimination
1
Children
1
Germany
1
Platforms and initiatives
1
Stroke
1
Public Health
1
Stigma & Discrimination
1
General Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Training Material
1
People who injecting Drugs
1
Human Rights
1
Training Supporting Material mhGAP
1
Epilepsy
1
Public Health
1
Infection Control General
1
Covid-19 & the One Health Approach
1
Covid-19 & Climate Change
1
Training, others
1
Guidelines
1
Scientific & Research Studies
1
General Background
1
Health Care Professionals & Spirituality
1
Mythbusters/Misinformation
1
Situation Reports COVID-19
1
Vaccine Candidates & Research
1
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)
1
Genomic sequencing
1
SARS-CoV-2 Variants
1
Health Promotion
1
Midwives
1
Palliative Care
1
Wound management
1
Planetary Boundaries
1
Biodiversity shift
1
Advocacy
1
Overview & reports
1
Urban health
1
Pharmacy Management
1
Pharmaceutical Assessments
1
Intensive Care Unit
1
Surgery
1
Biogeochemical flows
1
General documents One Health
1
Climate Change
1
Waste Managment
1
Reports & Studies
1
Environment
1
Infectious Diseases
1
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
1
Health Impact & Climate Change
1
Leishmaniasis
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
1
Education
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Women
1
Global Overview
1
Asia
1
War Surgery & Wound Care
1
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
1
General
1
Assistive devices & technologies
1
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
1
Bipolar Affective Disorders
1
TB & Prisoners
1
Policy
1
TB/HIV Global
1
Asia
1
Research & Access
1
Self-harm & Suicide
1
Germany
1
WASH
1
Antiretroviral Treatment ART
1
TB
1
Epidemiology
1
Capacity Building
1
Pregnant women
1
Key Resources
1
Germany
1
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
1
Studies & Reports
1
Meningitis & Encephalitis
1
Reports & Studies
1
Food & Nutrition
1
Capacity Building
1
Eastern Europe and central Asia
1
This Tuberculosis guide has been developed jointly by Médecins Sans Frontières and Partners In Health. It aims at providing useful information to the clinicians and health staff for the comprehensive management of tuberculosis. Forms of susceptible and resistant tuberculosis, tuberculosis in child... more

A guide for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in leprosy: 2017 update

E. A. Cooreman WHO SEARODepartment of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (2017) C_WHO
In case of resistance to rifampicin, fluoroquinolones become the preferred category of second-line drugs. Unfortunately, quinolone-resistant strains of Mycobacterium leprae have also been reported in several countries, probably due to the extensive use of quinolones for treating several types of inf... more
This volume on CVDs, renal, and respiratory disorders has particularly high value. It carries the potential to become the most effective game-changer in global health by helping all countries to combat, contain, and control the biggest killer presently prowling the globe and by enabling us to reach ... more
The main objectives of these guidelines are: A. To create awareness among the CBM family (International Office, Member Associations, Regional Offices, Country Offices and partners) on the opportunity savings groups create to attain socio-economic empowerment of a significantly larger number of pers... more
This report summarizes the latest scientific knowledge on the links between exposure to air pollution and adverse health effects in children. It is intended to inform and motivate individual and collective action by health care professionals to prevent damage to children’s health from exposure to ... more
Volume I, 2005-06
Training Manual Building on earlier EngenderHealth work in counseling, Counseling for Effective Use of Family Planning responds to an identified gap in existing materials and fills the needs expressed by those in the field. The intended audiences for this curriculum are health care providers, their... more
Evaluating the Return on Investment of Scaling Up Treatment for Depression, Anxiety, and Psychosis
There is no secret to our procedure: the daily scanning of the literature helps us to stay afloat in the never-ending waves of new publications about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Many papers discussed in the Top 10 will eventually make it into subsequent editions of COVID Reference.
In 2016, the risk of premature mortality1 from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Ethiopia was 18.3%. The economic costs of NCDs are significant and are due principally to their impact on the non-health sector (reduced workforce and productivity). In this study, it is estimated that NCDs cost Ethiop... more
Mental health is critical to personal well-being, interpersonal relationships, and successful contributions to society. Mental health conditions consequently impose a high burden not only on individuals, families and society, but also on economies. In Jamaica, mental health conditions are highly pre... more
Since the launch of the 2012–2020 World Health Organization (WHO) road map for the control, elim-ination and eradication of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) (1), considerable progress against NTDs has been made. Between 2010 and 2020, the number of people requiring interventions against NTDs glo... more
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to large increases in healthcare waste, straining under resourced healthcare facilities and exacerbating environmental impacts from solid waste. This report quantifies the additional COVID-19 healthcare waste generated, describes current healthcare waste management syst... more
Noncommunicable diseases (‎NCDs)‎ such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases and their risk factors are an increasing public health and development challenge in Kyrgyzstan. This report provides evidence through three analyses that NCDs reduce economic outp... more
La Región de las Américas constituye un territorio extremadamente rico desde el punto de vista de la diversidad cultural, en la cual se presentan una variedad de desafíos relacionados con el reconocimiento y el respeto de los derechos humanos de los miembros de los pueblos indígenas, los afrodes... more
In 2015, 5.9 million children under age five died (1). The major causes of child deaths globally are pneumonia, prematurity, intrapartum-related complications, neonatal sepsis, congenital anomalies, diarrhoea, injuries and malaria (2). Most of these diseases and conditions are at least partially cau... more
Despite the significant role of vector control in national leishmaniasis control programmes, the programmatic community perceives vector control as the weakest component of leishmaniasis control strategies in terms of resources, scientific evidence of the usefulness of interventions and capacity for... more
The Operational guide: use of referral laboratories for the analysis of foodborne hazards in the Pacific aims to strengthen the food analysis capacity of Pacific Island countries and areas by identifying national and reference laboratories capable of testing for priority foodborne hazards. The Pacif... more
As the Americas undergo profound demographic change and there are more persons aged 65 years or older than children younger than 5 years, it is crucial to recognize that national immunization programs must be redesigned to ensure comprehensive protection for individuals across the lifespan. By adopt... more