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Infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity to prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a systematic review

Durão, S.; Burns, J.; Schmidt, B. et al. BMC Public Health (2023) CC

Background Noncommunicable diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Modifying the risk factors for these conditions, such as physical inactivity, is thus essential. Addressing the context or circumstances in which physical activity occurs may promote physical activity a...t a population level. We assessed the effects of infrastructure, policy or regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-after (CBAs) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) studies assessing population-level infrastructure or policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity. We were interested in the effects of these interventions on physical activity, body weight and related measures, blood pressure, and CVD and type 2 diabetes morbidity and mortality, and on other secondary outcomes. Screening and data extraction was done in duplicate, with risk of bias was using an adapted Cochrane risk of bias tool. Due to high levels of heterogeneity, we synthesised the evidence based on effect direction. Results We included 33 studies, mostly conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 13 assessed infrastructure changes to green or other spaces to promote physical activity and 18 infrastructure changes to promote active transport. The effects of identified interventions on physical activity, body weight and blood pressure varied across studies (very low certainty evidence); thus, we remain very uncertain about the effects of these interventions. Two studies assessed the effects of policy and regulatory interventions; one provided free access to physical activity facilities and showed that it may have beneficial effects on physical activity (low certainty evidence). The other provided free bus travel for youth, with intervention effects varying across studies (very low certainty evidence). Conclusions Evidence from 33 studies assessing infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity showed varying results. The certainty of the evidence was mostly very low, due to study designs included and inconsistent findings between studies. Despite this drawback, the evidence indicates that providing access to physical activity facilities may be beneficial; however this finding is based on only one study. Implementation of these interventions requires full consideration of contextual factors, especially in low resource settings. more

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Social Science in Humanitarian Action Key considerations: Ebola preparedness and readiness in Goma, DRC

Peyton, D.; I. Gercama and J. Bedford Social Science in Humanitarian Action: A Communication for Development Platform (2019) C1

This brief summarises key considerations about the social, political and economic context of Goma in relation to the outbreak of Ebola in the DRC as of March 2019. Goma is the administrative capital of North Kivu province and a major urban centre in the Great Lakes Region. The city is home to an est... more

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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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Health beliefs and health seeking behavior towards lymphatic filariasis morbidity management and disability prevention services in Luangwa District, Zambia: Community and provider perspectives

Maritim, P., A. Silumbwe, J.M. Zulu, et al. (2021) C2

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection if untreated results in fluid accumulation in the limbs or breasts (lymphedema) or genitalia (hydrocele) that is painful and causes great discomfort. Morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) strategies such as surgery for hydrocele, treatment of acute... more

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Who wants to work in a rural health post? The role of intrinsic motivation, rural background and faith-based institutions in Ethiopia and Rwanda

Serneels, P., Montalvo, J.G., Pettersson, G., et al. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2010) C_WHO

This paper examines the extent to which health workers differ in their willingness to work in rural areas and the reasons for these differences, based on the data collected in Rwanda analysed individually and in combination with data from Ethiopia.

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Take Charge! A Reproductive Health Guide for Women with Disabilities

Healy, K.; Panko Reis, J.; M. Martin Access Living; The Empowered Fe Fes (2016) CC

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Medical Anthropology Study of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak in Liberia/West Africa

Omidian, P.; K. Tehoungue; J.Monger World Health Organization WHO (2014)

This study was carried out to better understand the local beliefs and practices likely to enhance or hinder efforts to respond to the Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Liberia.

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COVID Reference 2021.6 ES

Kamps, B.S.; C. Hoffmann, A. Gualani Gualani; and J. Garcia-Rosales Delgado (2021) CC

6a edición clínica. Nuevo: 4. Vacunas (26 de abril); Nuevo: 5. Pruebas y procedimientos de diagnóstico (7 de abril); Nuevo: 7. COVID-19 persistente (7 de abril)

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Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease

Abola, M. T. B.; Golledge, J.; Miyata, T. et al. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (2020) CC

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the most underdiagnosed, underestimated and undertreated of the atherosclerotic vascular diseases despite its poor prognosis. There may be racial or contextual differences in the Asia-Pacific region as to epidemiology, availability of diagnostic and therapeutic mod... more

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Knowledge, attitudes and practices about human African trypanosomiasis and their implications in designing intervention strategies for Yei county, South Sudan

Bukachi, SA.; Mumbo, AA.; Alak, ACD.; Sebit, W.; Rumunu, J. et al. PLOS Neclected Tropical Diseases (2018) CC

A clear understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of a particular community is necessary in order to improve control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT).New screening and diagnostic tools and strategies were introduced into South Sudan, as part of integrated delivery of primar... more

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Combined Use of Delamanid and Bedaquiline to Treat Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review

G. B. Migliori, E. Pontali, G. Sotgiu, et al. International Journal of Molecular Scienes (2017) C2

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 341, 1 - 10

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Climate Solutions Double as Health Interventions

Mailloux, N.A. et al. (2021) CC

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413339 The climate crisis threatens to exacerbate numerous climate-sensitive health risks, including heatwave mortality, malnutrition from reduced crop yields, water- and vector-borne infectious diseases, and... more

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Comparison of Dual Therapies for Lowering Blood Pressure in Black Africans

Ojji, D.B.; et al. (2019) C1

N Engl J Med 2019;380:2429-39.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901113

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Making Implementation Science Work for Children and Adolescents Living With HIV

D. Mark; E. Geng; S. Vorkorper; et al. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes; Ovid (2018) C2

Supplement Article www.jaids.com J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Volume 78, Supplement 1, August 15, 2018

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Economic burden of cholera in Asia

Vittal Mogasalea, Vijayalaxmi V. Mogasale; Amber Hsiao Elsevier Ltd (2019) CC

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.099 The article "Economic burden of cholera in Asia" examines the financial impact of cholera in 14 Asian countries. It analyzes costs related to treatment, out-of-pocket expenses, and lost productivity due to illness and premature deaths. The study estimat... more

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Promotion, prevention and protection: interventions at the population- and community-levels for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries

I. Petersen; , S. Evans‐Lacko; M. Semrau; et al. International Journal of Mental Health Systems; BioMed Central (2016) CC

Petersen et al. Int J Ment Health Syst (2016) 10:30 DOI 10.1186/s13033-016-0060-z

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The mental health of children facing collective adversity poverty, homelessness, war and displacement

L. Pacione; T. Measham; R.l Kronick; et al. IACAPAP (2012) C2

Miscellaneous Chapter J.4

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La salud mental infantil frente las adversidades colectivas: pobreza, indigencia, guerra y desplazamiento

L. Pacione; T. Measham; R. Kronick; et al. IACAPAP (2018) C2

Miscelanea Capítulo J.4 Editores: Matías Irarrázaval, Andres Martin, Laura Revert Martín & Sergio Jesús Soler Traductores: Sergio Jesús Soler, Nieves Hermosin Carpio, Clara De Castro & Beatriz Ortega

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Infections of the nervous system

V. Parikh; V. Tucci; S. Galwankar PMC (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health) (2012) C2

Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2012 May-Aug; 2(2): 82–97. doi: 10.4103/2229-5151.97273 PMCID: PMC3401822 PMID: 22837896

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A position statement and practical guide to the use of particulate filtering facepiece respirators (N95, FFP2, or equivalent) for South African health workers exposed to respiratory pathogens includin

Dheda, K.; et al. (2022) CC

Afr J Thoracic Crit Care Med 2021;27(4):Published online 22 October 2021. https://doi.org/10.7196/AJTCCM.2021.v27i4.173