Eliud Wandwalo, Management Sciences for Health Claire Moodie, Management Sciences for Health Yared Kebede Haile, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Amos Kutwa, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Odile Ferroussier, Union internationale contre la tuberculose et les maladies respiratoires Chawalit Natpratan, Family Health International
1
Elsevier
1
Emmanuel O. Irek, Adewale A. Amupitan, Temitope O. Obadare, Aaron O. Aboderin
1
END TBc1
1
Engender Health, ICW
1
EngenderHealth
1
Erik Blas, Johannes Sommerfeld and Anand Sivasankara Kurup
1
eta al.
1
etc al.
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
1
European Commission
1
European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection
1
European Commission Joint Research Centre
1
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
1
European Network for Diagnostics of Imported Viral Diseases
1
European of Psychotraumatology
1
EVA JACQUELINE ETONGUE MAYER
1
Eva Jacqueline Etongué Mayer
1
Extending Service Delivery (ESD) Project, USAID
1
F. A. E. Sosso, O. Nakamura
1
F. Gebissa
1
F. Samuels
1
F. Stuer
1
F. Tafese
1
F. Verde
1
Fadahunsi, W.
1
Family Health Department
1
FAO, WFP
1
Fast, Larissa and Adele Waugaman
1
Federación Internacional de Sociedades de la Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja
1
Federal Government of Nigeria
1
Federal Ministries of Agriculture, Environment and Health
1
Federal Ministries of Health & Youth Development
1
Federal Ministries of Health & Youth Development, UNFPA
1
Federal Ministry of Health
1
Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA)
1
Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Contro
1
Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
1
Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria , World Health Organisation (WHO), DFID, et al.
1
FG Consulting Group, C. Daniels, C. Smyth et al.
1
Field Actions Science Reports
1
FIND
1
Fistula Care
1
Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas
1
Fonds des Nations Unies pour la population
1
Food and Agriculture Organization
1
Frederic Mousseau
1
Frontiers in Pediatrics
1
Frontiers in Public Health
1
Fundo de População das Nações Unidas
1
G. Ivbijaro
1
G. Lescornec
1
G. M. Kassa
1
G. Siberry
1
Gabriel Daniel, Kwesi Eghan
1
Gamez, Laura et al.
1
GBI
1
Gerald Keusch, Keith McAdam, Patricia Cuff, Michelle Mancher, and Emily R. Busta
1
GHAIN Global HIV
1
Gilma Mantilla
1
Gjergji, M.
1
Global Clubfoot Initiative (GCI)
1
Global Health Media Project
1
Global Health Media Project, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNICEF, and Yoni Goodman
1
Global Health Watch
1
Global Network of People Living with HIV
1
Global Polio Eradication
1
Global Preparedness Monitoring Board
1
Global Social Service Workforce Alliance, UNICEF
1
Globalization and Health
1
GNP (Global Network of people living HIV)
1
GNP (Global Network of People living wit HIV)
1
GNP+ (Global Network of people living with HIV)
1
GOARN
1
Governments of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone
1
Green Ink
1
Greenpeace Germany
1
H. Hafizi
1
H. Ritchie
1
H. Ritchie and M. Roser
1
H. Thirumurthy, E. Omanga, B. Obonyo et al.
1
H6 Partnership
1
hai global
1
Haitham Shoman, Emilie Karafillakis and Salman Rawaf
1
HAL archives-ouvertes
1
Handicap International
1
Hannah Faal, Rènée du Toit, Henrietta Monye, Ronnie Graham
1
Hariharan, N., Ishtiaq, A., Eldridge, C., et al.
1
Harvard Humanitarian Initiative
1
HDRC
1
healt promotion agency, New Zwaland Goverment
1
Health and Education Advice and Resource Team
1
Health Communication Capacity Collaborative (HC3)
1
Health Policy Project, Futures Group
1
Health Systems and Policy Research
1
HEART
1
Helen Counihan
1
Hesperian Foundation
1
Hélène Fagherazzi-Pagel
1
Hijazi, Z.
1
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care
1
Hivos people unlimited
1
Hodgson, L. et al.
1
Hoviyeh Afnan-Holmes, Moke Magoma, Theopista John, et al.
1
Human Rights Watch, Congo Research Group - Groupe d’Étude sur le Congo
1
I. Semini
1
I.J. Emodi
1
IAPB Africa
1
ibt
1
ICAP Columbia University (Mailman School of Public Health)
1
ICF
1
ICF Macro
1
ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross
1
ICW Global
1
IFRC - International Federation of Red Cross
1
ILEP
1
Ilona Kickbusch
1
iMedPub
1
iMedPub Journals
1
in2mentalhealth
1
Indefes - Terre des Hommes
1
Independent Review Team
1
Indrias G. Kassaye
1
InHealth, et al.
1
Institut Haitien de l'enfance
1
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
1
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), The Lancet
1
Institute for Public Policy Research
1
Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation
1
International Alert
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank
1
International Bureau for Epilepsy
1
International Centre for Diarrhoeal disease Research
1
International Development Association
1
International Federation of Anti-leprosy Association ILEP
1
International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA)
1
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies, UN Development Programme
1
International HIV/AIDS
1
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)
1
International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
1
International Labour Organization
1
International League against Epilepsy
1
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
1
International Peace Institute
1
International Research Institute for Climate and Society
1
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, World Health Organization
1
Ipas
1
Isaac L. Baker, Brittany L. Card, Nathaniel A. Raymond
1
Italian Journal of Pediatrics
1
J. Ananworanich
1
J. Baer
1
J. Bushee
1
J. C. Graves
1
J. de Jesus Mari, D. Razzouk, R. Thara, et al.
1
J. M. Humphrey
1
J. Painter, P. Douglas, et al.
1
J. Powell
1
J.Hows
1
J.Pfeil, R. Kobbe, S. Trapp, C. Kitz, M. Hufnagel
1
Jack, H.
1
Jacobs Foundation
1
James W. Macharia
1
Japan Committee for UNICEF (JCU)
1
Jean Paul Beyeme Ondoua
1
Jens Martens and Karolin Seitz
1
JICA
1
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV
1
Joseph M Rey
1
Joseph McCord, Emily Bancroft and Jessica Crawford
1
Journal des anthropologues
1
Journal of AIDS and HIV Infections
1
journal of Global health
1
Journal of Infection and Public Health
1
Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience
1
Journal of Psychiatry
1
Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care
1
Journal of Virus Eradication
1
JSI Research & Training Institute
1
K. A. Thomson
1
K. Asedeu
1
K. Attawell
1
K. Boegel
1
K. Chalcraft
1
K. Elder
1
K. Greenaway
1
K.Geffert
1
K.K. Iloh
1
Kafle, Ramesh B., Komal P. Dulal, and Krishna P. Pandey
1
Kamala Achu, Kathy Al Jubah, Svein Brodtkorb, et al.
1
Kapungwe, A.
1
Karolin Seitz
1
Kato-Wallace, J.
1
Katrin Oberndörfer
1
Kazembe, L.N. & Neema, I.
1
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, MLE Initiative
1
Kessler, R.C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., et al.
Lynn Cockburn, Timothy N. Fanfon, Alexa Bramall et al.
1
L’Union Africaine des Aveugles (U AFA), Association Nationale des Aveugles du Cameroun (ANAC
1
M. Aman
1
M. Belfer
1
M. Funk
1
M. Gallardo, et al.
1
M. Gjergji
1
M. Gutmann
1
M. J. Stirratt
1
M. Joffres
1
M. M.L. dos Santos
1
M. Nakamura
1
M. Prescott, C. Boeke, T. Gotora, et al.
1
M. R. Jordan
1
M. Roser
1
M. Schomaker
1
M. Sharer, H. Cornman, et al.
1
M. Thorogood
1
M.-A. Davies
1
M.J. Chomba, S.G. Mukuria, P.W. Kariuki, S. Tumuti, B.A. Bunyasi
1
M.Johnson
1
M.K. Matthews, R.L. Wally, A. Ward et al.
1
MacQuarrie, Kerry L.D., Sarah E.K. Bradley, Alison Gemmill, and Sarah Staveteig
1
Maddy Marasciulo-Rice
1
Mageni, Judith Nekesa, Ann Mwagni, Samwel Mbugua, and Vincent Mukthar
1
Maitland, K.
1
Making it Work
1
Makoka, Donald
1
Malaria Consortium
1
Malawi Ministry of Health
1
Mallick, Lindsay, Tukur Dahiru, and Kerry L.D. MacQuarrie
1
Manuel Sanchez-Montero and Núria Salse Ubach
1
Mapako, Tonderai, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Maarten J. Postma, Marinus van Hulst, Janet Dzangare, Stellah Ngwende, John Mandisarisa, Ponesai Nyika, David A. Mvere, Owen Mugurungi, and Mufuta Tshimanga
1
March of Dimes
1
Mariam Kirollos, Caroline Anning, Gunvor Knag Fylkesnes et al.
1
Marie de Solère
1
Marie-Luise Abshagen, Anna Cavazzini, Laura Graen, Wolfgang Obenland
1
Marina Smelyanskaya, John Duncan
1
Mario R Dal Poz, Neeru Gupta, Estelle Quain and Agnes LB Soucat
1
María Eugenia Grillet, Fabiola Del Ventura
1
María Eugenia Landaeta
1
Mark F. Cotton
1
Mark, A.
1
Mary Kay Kindhauser, Tomas Allen, Veronika Frank, et al.
1
Masumbuko ClaudeK, Underschultz J,Hawkes MT
1
Mauder, S.
1
Measles Initiative
1
Measure
1
Measure Evaluation
1
MedGrave
1
Medical Mission Institute
1
Medical Peace Work
1
Mediscript Ltd
1
Meershoek A, Zwerling A, Daftary A, Citro B, Smyth C, Lewis D
1
Mehari, Asmeret Moges
1
Melissa Leach
1
Melvyn Freeman, Michelle Funk, Soumitra Pathare et al.
1
Mental Health Improvements for Nations Development (MIND)
1
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
1
MFASSNHPTA
1
Michael T. Osterholma, Kristine A. Moorea, Nicholas S. Kelley et al.
1
Michelle Funk, José Miguel Caldas de Almeida, Natalie Drew et al.
1
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Primus Inter Pares Paraguay
1
Ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale
1
Ministère de la Santé Et de l’Hygiène Publique Mali
1
Ministère de la Santé Publique , PROGRAMME NATIONAL DE LUTTE CONTRE LA TUBERCULOSE
1
Ministère de la Santé Senegal
1
MinistÈre de la Santé Sécrétariat General, Direction Generale de la Pharmacie, du Médicament et des Laboratoires, Burkina Faso
1
Ministère de la Santé, Benin
1
MInistère de la Santé, Direction Nationale de la Santé Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre le SIDA
1
Ministère de la Santé, Maroc
1
Ministère de la Santé, République Bénin
1
Ministère du Développement, de l’Analyse Économique et de la Prospective Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Économique (INSAE) Cotonou, Bénin
1
Ministry of Health & Child Welfare
1
Ministry of Health , World Health Organisation (WHO)
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone, Reproductive and Child Health Directorate
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of India
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Liberia
1
Ministry of Health Kenya
1
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
1
Ministry of Health, Ghana
1
Ministry of Health, Ghana, World Health Organizaiotn (WHO) and Ghana Health Service
1
Ministry of Health, Malawi
1
Ministry of Health, Uganda
1
Ministry of Health, World Health Organisation (WHO), Roll Back Malaria
1
Ministry of Health, Zambia
1
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya
1
Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
1
Misereor, Brot für die Welt, GPF
1
Mmbaga, Elia John
1
Mohammed Kabir, Zubair Iliyasu, Isa S Abubakar & Muktar H Aliyu
1
mPowering Frontline Health Workers partnership, United Nations Foundation, Qualcomm® Wireless Reach™
1
MRC South Africa
1
MSPP, Haiti
1
Mwangi, Annabel
1
N. Drew
1
N. Kumar
1
N. N. Fido
1
N. Nguyen
1
N. Solé, A. Marco, M Escribano, A. Orcau, et al.
1
N.Dean
1
Nankinga, O.
1
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
1
National Agency for Control of AIDS (NACA)
1
National Agency for the Control of Aids (NACA), Nigeria
1
National AIDS Commission of Liberia
1
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), Government of India
1
National Center for TB and Leprosy Control, Cambodia
1
National health Mission
1
National HIV and AIDS Secretariat
1
National Malaria Elimination Programme Federal Ministry of Health National Population Commission, National Bureau of Statistics Federal Republic of Nigeria , et al.
1
National Malaria Elimination Programme Federal Republic of Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria et al.
1
National Malaria Elimination Programme, National Population Commission (NPC), The DHS Program
1
National Population Commission (NPC Nigeria) and ICF International
1
National Primary Health Care Development Agency
1
National Tubercolis and Leprosy Control Programme, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
1
Ndiaye, Salif, et Mohamed Ayad
1
Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International
1
Net Hope
1
Network 100percent life
1
Neuropsychiatric hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria
1
Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Health Research Committee Nigeira
1
NFPA, UNDESA, UN-HABITAT, IOM
1
NFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting (FGM/C)
1
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)
1
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
1
Nigeria HIVinfo. com
1
Nigeria Urban Reproductive Health Initiative
1
NIH
1
Nkomazana, O., Peersman, W., Willcox, M., et al.
1
Norad
1
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1
Norwegian Refugee Council, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
1
Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (JHU)
1
NWP, Aqua for All,Kit Publisher et al.
1
O. Aderomilehin
1
O. Fiertag
1
O. H. Okojie
1
O. O. Ozoya
1
O. O. Simooyqa
1
O. Olubajo, et al.
1
Obinna O Oleribe, et al.
1
OCHA
1
Oluwatosin Adeshokan
1
OMS
1
Open Society Institute
1
Organisation de la Santé Mondiale, Bureau Regional de l'Afrique
1
Organisation des Nations Unies pour L'Alimentation et L'Agriculture
1
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Sante
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS), Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance (UNICEF)
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS, et al.
1
Organisatión Mundial de la Salud
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud (Las Americas) (World Health Organization)
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud y Alzheimer’s Disease International
1
Organização Mundial da Saúde
1
Oxfam Deutschland e.V.
1
P. Glaziou, C.Sismanidis, P. J. Dodd, et al.
1
P. Idele
1
P. J. Dodd
1
P. Kruger
1
P. Pipero
1
Paget Stanfield, Martin Brueton, Michael Chan, Michael Parkin, and Tony Waterston
1
PAHO
1
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), World Health Organization (WHO)
1
Panaveyi Vicky Malou Adom, Edgard Marius Ouendo, Lamidhi Salami, Gado Napo- Koura, Michel Makoutodé
1
Panorma Perspectives
1
Patrick R. Kenya, Prince-Albert Roberts, Joseph Kobba, et al.
1
Paul, A., Adeloye, D., George-Carey, et al.
1
Pedro Alonso, Kevin Baird, David Brandling-Bennett et al.
1
People's Health Movement
1
Peter Elyanu
1
Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
1
Phiri, F., F. Mwanza, and C. Mulwanda
1
Plan
1
PLOS One
1
PMC (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health)
1
PMC Public Health
1
PMH
1
Pontifical Council of Justice and Peace
1
Pr Abderrahmane Maaroufi
1
Programme National de Lutte contre le VIH
1
Promundo, UNFPA
1
PROMUNDO-US, UNFPA
1
Protection Cluster
1
Public Health Watch
1
PubMed
1
PUPH, Université Lyon1 (ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie) et Hospices Civils de Lyon
1
R. Baggaley
1
R. Baggaley et al.
1
R. C. Vreeman
1
R. Coker
1
R. Edon
1
R. Gustav
1
R. H. Remien
1
R. Muloiwa
1
R. Thapar
1
R. Vermeiren
1
RACGP
1
Rada Noeva, Nassim Benali, Emily Garin et al.
1
Rajat Khosla, Moazzam Ali and Jane Cottingham
1
Ravi Narayan and Unnikrishnan PV
1
Rebecca Markham & Anna Wiltshire
1
Regional Office for Africa
1
Reproductive and Child Health Directorate
1
Republic of Liberia
1
Republic of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation
1
Results for Development (R4D)
1
Ridsdel, B
1
Robert A. Scott, Samden D. Lhatoo & Josemir W.A.S. Sander
1
Robert-Koch-Institut
1
Robert-Koch-Institut RKI
1
Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF International
1
Rontgene M. Solante, Manolito L. Chua
1
Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1
Rwanda Biomedical Center - Institute of HIV
1
S. A. Madhi
1
S. Chalk
1
S. Colt, M.N. Garcia-Casal, J.P. Peña-Rosas, et al.
1
S. E. Mellors
1
S. Guthridge-Gould
1
S. H.-L. Fry
1
S. Harvest, C. Litzke, P. Akil, et al.
1
S. K. Dlamini
1
S. L. Barnabas
1
S. Lee
1
S. M. Nsagha
1
S. Marzouk and H. Choi
1
S. Tanna
1
S. Taylor
1
S.Kinloch-de Loës, et al.
1
Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition
1
SAGE Journals
1
SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS
1
Sandra Kong
1
Sandrine Martin
1
Saraf, P.
1
Sarah Frost, Chapal Khasnabis, Kylie Mines, and Lourdes de la Peza
1
Save the Children, The March of Dimes Foundation, the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health and The World Health Organization.
1
Schwienhorst, E.M.
1
SCIENCEDOMAIN international
1
Scientific and Cultural Organization
1
Scientific Electronic Library Online
1
Scientific Research Publishing
1
Scott F. Dowell, James J. Sejvar, Lul Riek, et al.
1
Sebayang, Susy K., Ferry Efendi, and Erni Astutik
1
Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde − Ministério da Saúde
1
Sharafi, L. et al.
1
Sharon Abramowitz, Kristen McLean, Josephine Monger, Kodjo Tehoungue, Sarah McKune, Mosoka Fallah, Patricia Omidian
1
Sharon Alane Abramowitz, et al.
1
Sheikh, Nurnabi
1
Shekhar Saxena and Preston J. Garri
1
Shumba, T.W.
1
SIAPS
1
Simona, Simona J., Mazuba Muchindu, and Harriet Ntalasha
1
Singh, Iesha
1
SIT G aduate Ins titute/SIT Study Abroad
1
Sociedad Venezolana de Salud Pública
1
Soumitra Pathare, Руби Холл, Michelle Funk et al.
1
South Sudan Public Health Emergency Operations Center (PHEOC)
1
Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
1
Spotlight NSP
1
SpringerLink
1
Standpunkt e.V.
1
Start Fund
1
Start Network
1
Statistics Sierra Leone and ICF International
1
STEPS Centre, Institute of Development Studies
1
STRIVE
1
Students Partnership Worldwide
1
Sultana, Marufa et al.
1
Sunsari Technical College Journal
1
Supriya Akerkar and Rhea Bhardwaj
1
Süd Wind
1
Szabo, Christopher, Paul
1
Sæbønes, A., Bieler, R. B., Baboo, N., et al
1
T. Chitashvili, S. Holschneider, O. Annie Clark
1
T. Colton
1
T. Nakari
1
T. Porth
1
T. Rahman
1
Tadesse, Mekonnen, Habtamu Teklie, Gorfu Yazew, and Tesfayi Gebreselassie
1
Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children.
1
Tarkang EE, Gbogbo S, Lutala PM
1
Tarun Dua, Nicolas Clark, Neerja Chowdhary et al.
1
Tarun Gera, Dheeraj Shah, Paul Garner et al.
1
TAS & TGPSH - GTZ
1
Taylor & Francis Group
1
TDR
1
tein, D. J.et al.
1
Teklu, Hailemariam, Aluta Sebhatu, and Tesfayi Gebreselassie
1
The Cameroon Academy of Sciences
1
The Cochrane HIV
1
The Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER) Global Cohort Collaboration
1
The Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and ReAct
1
The DHS Program
1
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
1
The fight against fake drugs by NAFDAC in Nigeria Olike Chinwendu
1
The Global Public Private Partnership for Handwashing
1
The International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (ILEP)
1
The International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations (IFMSA)
1
The Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Healt
1
The Lancet
1
The Open AIDS Journal
1
The Pact
1
The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health
1
The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance
1
The South African Cochraine Centre
1
The Union
1
The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
1
The World Bank Group
1
Theo Smart
1
Ties Boerma, Jennifer Requejo, Cesar Victora et al.
1
Tina Sanghvi, Roger Shrimpton, and Bruno de Benoist
his first edition describes the standard operating procedures for health products for NTDs amenable to preventive chemotherapy and the medicines donated to treat them. These include albendazole for lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases; azithromycin for trachoma and yaws; diethylca...rbamazine citrate for lymphatic filariasis; ivermectin for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis; mebendazole for soil-transmitted helminthiases; praziquantel for schistosomiasis; and triclabendazole for foodborne trematodiases. Standard operating procedures for diseases amenable to case management will be covered in subsequent editions, including the application process for requesting medicines (Chapter 1). In the meantime, the procedures described in the rest of the document apply for both case management and preventive chemotherapy NTD health products.more
Following the 2014 Euromaidan Revolution, Ukraine embarked on a national reform program to reduce widespread corruption within government. In the health sector, the government introduced several complementary reforms that aimed to improve the health outcomes of Ukrainian citizens, but designed in su...ch a way that they would also reduce corruption. The reforms included reconfiguring primary care financing and essential medicines reimbursement under the newly formed National Health Service of Ukraine; raising the remuneration of health professionals; introducing a transparent, merit-based, process for medical university admissions; and initiating development of an eHealth digital records system.more
Hand hygiene is vital for safe health care delivery, yet practices at the point of care remain suboptimal worldwide. A comprehensive research agenda is therefore necessary to improve our understanding of factors influencing hand hygiene behaviour and to strengthen appropriate interventions. This age...nda will provide insightful ideas for researchers to focus their projects and funding proposals and will direct donors towards the areas of hand hygiene evidence that require urgent support and innovation. It will also guide decision-makers and stakeholders at the national and international level and support country efforts in updating and strengthening hand hygiene promotion programmes. Global collaboration and investment in hand hygiene research remain essential to promote safe and effective care worldwide.more
The WHO standard: Universal access to rapid tuberculosis diagnostics sets benchmarks to achieve universal access to WHO-recommended rapid diagnostics (WRDs), increase bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis and drug resistance detection, and reduce the time to diagnosis. WHO-recommended rapid diagn...ostics are highly accurate, cost-effective, reduce the time to treatment initiation, and impact patient-important outcomes.more
The Contingency Fund for Emergencies (CFE) provides WHO with rapid and flexible resources to respond to disease outbreaks and other health emergencies. The annual report provides an overview of the use and impact of the Fund over the previous year.
Adolescence, defined as the period between 10 and 19 years of age, is a developmental stage during which many psychosocial and mental health challenges emerge. There is a well-established link between mental health and HIV outcomes. Adolescents and young adults living with HIV typically have additio...nal mental health needs linked to their experiences of living with and managing a chronic illness, along with prevailing stigma and discrimination. Mental health promotion and prevention is thus a critical priority for this group.more
This publication describes the first WHO public-benefit Target Product Profiles (TPPs) for snakebite antivenoms. It focuses on antivenoms for treatment of snakebite envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa. Four TPPs are described in the document:
Broad spectrum Pan-African polyvalent antivenoms: products ...that are intended for widespread utility throughout sub-Saharan Africa for treatment of envenoming irrespective of the species of snake causing a bite. Monovalent antivenoms for specific use cases: for products for a single species (or genus) of snake (e.g., boomslangs or carpet viper antivenoms).
Syndromic Pan-African polyvalent antivenoms for neurotoxic envenoming: products that are intended for treatment of envenoming by species whose venoms are neurotoxic. Syndromic Pan-African polyvalent antivenoms for non-neurotoxic envenoming: products for snakebite envenoming where the effects are largely haemorrhagic, necrotic or procoagulant.more
Since 2002 the distribution of external funding to reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) has become more equitable and better targeted at the poorest countries and those experiencing the highest mortality. The aid envelope is not large enough or well enough concentrated to close ...gaps in domestic government fund ing between the poorest and middle income countries. Donors and governments of low and middle income countries should increase their investments for RMNCH . Donors should further concentrate their funds on the poorest countries and those with the highest maternal, newborn, and child mortality. Investment is also needed to close serious data and methodological gaps for assessing equity of financing between and within countriesmore
Anopheles stephensi is a mosquito species that is capable of transmitting both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria parasites. Unlike the other main mosquito vectors of malaria, it thrives in urban and man-made environments. Originally native to parts of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, A...n. stephensi has been detected, to date, in 7 countries in the African continent.more
The environment in which young people live, learn and play significantly affects their decisions about whether to consume alcohol. Environmental factors are the main risk factors driving alcohol consumption and related harm among young people. Environments that normalize alcohol consumption – term...ed alcogenic environments – include contexts with unregulated advertising and marketing of alcoholic beverages, higher alcohol outlet density, products designed to facilitate affordability and low prices of alcoholic beverages. A recent body of research evidence has emerged related to the measurement, functional significance and consequences of living in alcogenic environments. This includes findings on the complex and bidirectional interactions among alcohol acceptability, availability and affordability and how they create and perpetuate alcogenic environments. Comprehensive and enforced alcohol control policies are effective at delaying the age of onset and lowering alcohol prevalence and frequency among young people. Evidence consistently confirms the effectiveness of designing and implementing alcohol control policies that regulate upstream the drivers of alcogenic environment, including alcohol availability, acceptability and affordability. These policies need to be multipronged and address the complex interactions between these drivers and the local alcohol culturemore
There is growing understanding and high-level endorsement of the importance of strong collaborative multisectoral approaches to address a broad range of social, economic and governance issues for the prevention and control of noncommunicable disease (NCDs) and mental health conditions. In 2019, Worl...d Health Organization (WHO) Member States requested the WHO Director-General to provide an analysis across countries of successful approaches for the prevention and control of NCDs that used multisectoral action.This report describes the experiences of different countries, areas and territories in implementing multisectoral actions to tackle NCDs and is the first step to address their request for an analysis of such effortsmore
Reducing the global suicide mortality rate by a third by 2030 is a target of both the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the WHO Global Mental Health Action Plan. However, an impediment to meeting this goal is the fact that suicide and suicide attempts remain illegal in at least 23 countries world...wide. Decriminalization of suicide and suicide attempts represents one critical step governments can take in their efforts to prevent suicide. The WHO Policy Brief on the health aspects of decriminalization of suicide and suicide attempts cites data and research to make a case for decriminalizing suicide globally. It also includes case examples from countries that have recently decriminalized suicide and suicide attempts — Guyana and Pakistan, Singapore,— providing important insights to policy-makers, legislators, parliamentarians and other decision-makers.more
This brief update on tuberculosis (TB) in the African region covers the state of TB in the WHO African region, strategic priorities and targets and the impact of COVID-19 on essential services. This is followed by key figures for the region, the role of WHO in country support and, recognizing the im...portance of diagnosis and drug susceptibility testing, a focus onstrengthening laboratory networks and the regional laboratory and diagnostic objectives. A brief update of the state of the science and how this is funded across the African region is provided, before closing with challenges and opportunities,strategic directions and a brief discussion of funding concerns. Discussions around the drivers of the disease, and issues of the poverty, inequality and stigma that continue to plague those living with TB are fully recognized, but are outside the scope of this report.more
Little is known about the patterns of development assistance (DA) for each component of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (RMNCAH) in conflict-affected countries nor about the DA allocation in relation to the burden of disease
Prompt, effective antimalarial treatment, and supportive care can substantially reduce the rate of mortality from severe malaria. However, many children in malaria-endemic countries do not have access to health facilities or a qualified health care provider and do not receive the necessary care in a... timely fashion. Without rapid detection of danger signs and access to effective treatment, including pre-referral treatment that can be administered in the community level, many of these children with severe malaria die.
In situations where there is no immediate access to a health care facility, WHO recommends the administration of a standard dose of an effective antimalarial medicine as pre-referral treatment before referral to a facility at which complete treatment can be administered.
Rectal artesunate is the WHO-recommended pre-referral intervention in situations where artesunate injection are not feasible for children under the age of 6 years with suspected severe malaria. The intervention reduces the risk of death or permanent disability by up to 50% provided the child is referred to a health facility at which complete treatment can be administered.
This field guide is aimed at supporting the effective deployment of RAS as pre-referral treatment of suspected severe malaria in line with the WHO malaria guidelines.more
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been present in Niger since 1960, and acts as the Government's principal advisor on public health and lead of the health cluster. WHO covers all eight regions of the country with 113 staff members in Niamey and in 7 sub-offices (Agadez, Diffa, Zinder, Maradi,... Tillabéri, Dosso, Tahoua).
To strengthen its cooperation with Niger, WHO has recently developed a new Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) for 2023-2027 period in collaboration with the Ministry of Public Health, Popula-tion and Social Affairs. The CPS is based on the WHO's 13th General Programme of Work (GPA) 2019-2025 and national priorities. It enables WHO to support Niger in the implementation of its national health policy and the 2022-2026 Health and Social Development Plan (HSSP).more
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a bacterial skin infection that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and mainly affects people who reside in the rural areas of Africa and in suburban and beach resort communities in Australia.
Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. It is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the haemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal, affectin...g the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues.
To reliably monitor the prevalence of anaemia at a population level, it is vital to measure the haemoglobin concentration in an accurate and precise way. In large-scale surveys, however, haemoglobin is most commonly measured using single-drop capillary blood specimens in point-of-care devices. Emerging evidence suggests that the use of single-drop capillary blood can introduce random and/or systematic errors, which may lead to inaccurate estimates, complicating effective anaemia programming.
This technical brief describes the current best practices for haemoglobin measurement, providing guidance to help plan or implement field surveys to assess anaemia at a population level. Continuing work to review emerging evidence is led by members of the WHO-UNICEF Technical Expert Advisory group on nutrition Monitoring (TEAM).more