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1
The CDC webpage on the clinical features of malaria outlines the disease's presentation, categorizing it into uncomplicated and severe forms, and emphasizes that prompt and accurate diagnosis and
...
treatment can lead to a cure.
more
The document titled "Classification and Referral Algorithm – iCCM South Sudan", published by Malaria Consortium in 2012, provides a practical tool for community health workers to assess, classify, and manage common childhood illnesses in South Sud
...
an. It outlines step-by-step procedures for identifying danger signs and symptoms related to malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, and severe acute malnutrition. Based on clinical findings, the algorithm guides health workers in making decisions about immediate treatment, referral to higher-level health facilities, and caregiver counseling. The aim is to support timely and appropriate care at the community level through the Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) strategy.
more
Malaria Mini: The Basics is an accredited video course led by Dr John F. Fisher. It provides clinicians with the essential knowledge needed to recognise, prevent and treat malaria. In under an hour,
...
it covers the parasite’s life cycle, transmission, diagnostic methods and the treatment of both uncomplicated and severe cases. It emphasises practical skills such as taking travel histories and identifying critical symptoms. Designed for flexibility, the course includes quizzes and offers Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits. It is accessible online for free.
Accessed on 17/07/2025.
more
Malaria is a significant risk for travelers to endemic regions. This patient information highlights essential prevention through mosquito protection and, when indicated, chemoprophylaxis with Atovaquone/Proguanil, Doxycycline, or Mefloquine. Emergen
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cy self-treatment options may be carried in specific settings. Travelers are advised to follow medication schedules carefully, use consistent bite protection, and seek immediate medical care if fever occurs during or after travel. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent severe or life-threatening complications.
Accessed on 26/08/2025.
more
Pregnant travelers face numerous risks, notably increased susceptibility to or severity of multiple infections, including malaria. Because pregnant women residing in areas non-endemic for malaria ar
...
e unlikely to have protective immunity, travel to endemic areas poses risk of severe illness and pregnancy complications, such as low birthweight and fetal loss. If travel to malaria-endemic areas cannot be avoided, preventive measures are critical. However, malaria chemoprophylaxis in pregnancy can be challenging, since commonly used regimens have varying levels of safety data and national guidelines differ. Furthermore, although chloroquine and mefloquine have wide acceptance for use in pregnancy, regional malaria resistance and non-pregnancy contraindications limit their use. Mosquito repellents, including N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin treatment of clothing, are considered safe in pregnancy and important to prevent malaria as well as other arthropod-borne infections such as Zika virus infection. Pregnant travelers at risk for malaria exposure should be advised to seek medical attention immediately if any symptoms of illness, particularly fever, develop.
more
Malaria remains a significant global health concern, with 249 million cases and 408,000 deaths reported in 2022, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. The most vulnerable populations are children under five and pregnant women. Rapid and accurate diagnosi
...
s using microscopy or malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) is essential to ensure timely treatment, prevent severe disease and promote the rational use of antimalarial drugs. This UNICEF Technical Bulletin provides guidance on the procurement, quality assurance and selection of WHO-prequalified mRDTs, including considerations for areas with a high prevalence of pfhrp2/3 gene deletions. The bulletin also highlights UNICEF’s approach to sustainability, product verification and long-term arrangements with manufacturers, which ensure a reliable supply while supporting integrated child health management programmes. The bulletin serves as a valuable resource for countries, partners and programmes involved in the implementation of malaria case management and diagnostics.
more
This manual is designed to provide comprehensive malaria case management training for health workers at all levels, including clinical, nursing, dispensing, laboratory and records staff. The training covers the use of
...
malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and the treatment of severe malaria. The five-day training programme includes interactive modules supported by job aids. The ideal group size is 20–30 participants, supported by a team of three trainers. Trainers should thoroughly review the manual, including the 'Adult Learning Techniques' module, and follow the 'Facilitator's Guide', while participants should use the 'Simplified Participant's Guide'. The training includes pre- and post-tests to assess knowledge improvement. Continuing Medical Education (CME) is encouraged after the training, and resources are provided in the appendix.
more
WHO has updated it recommendations for 3 key malaria prevention strategies: seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), perennial malaria chemopreventi
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on (PMC – previously known as intermittent preventive treatment in infants, or IPTi) and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp). When given to the young children and pregnant women who are most vulnerable to malaria, preventive chemotherapy has been shown to be a safe, effective and cost-effective strategy for reducing the disease burden and saving lives.
The updated recommendations on SMC, PMC and IPTp, published today in the WHO Guidelines for malaria, will support the broader use of chemoprevention among young children at high risk of severe malaria in areas with both seasonal and year-round transmission and promote expanded access to preventive chemotherapy in pregnancy.
more
The "Integrated Management of Malaria Training – Health Worker’s Manual" is a practical guide developed by Uganda’s Ministry of Health to train healthcare workers at all levels in the effective diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and management
...
of malaria. It aligns with national malaria treatment guidelines and aims to improve the quality of care and reduce malaria-related illness and death. The manual covers key topics such as clinical assessment of fever, use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), case management of uncomplicated and severe malaria, malaria in pregnancy, co-infections like HIV, as well as community engagement and proper documentation. It includes structured training sessions, case studies, and job aids designed to strengthen the skills of health workers in both public and private sectors, and to ensure standardized, evidence-based malaria care across the country.
more
This video highlights the significant risks that malaria poses to pregnant and breastfeeding women in malaria-endemic regions. It follows the stories of Angavu from Kenya, Moyinoluwa from Nigeria an
...
d Lamai from Thailand. It emphasises the severe consequences that malaria can have during pregnancy, including miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight and maternal death. Due to safety concerns, pregnant women are often excluded from antimalarial drug trials, which causes long delays in effective medicines becoming available for this vulnerable group. To address this issue, the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) launched the Malaria in Mothers and Babies (MiMBa) initiative, which aims to accelerate the discovery, development, and delivery of safe antimalarial treatments for pregnant and breastfeeding women. The initiative aims to close critical gaps in research, drug development, and access, ensuring that these women and their babies are better protected against malaria. The video calls for continued efforts to address the needs of underserved populations most affected by malaria.
more
Pocket Manual for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria
Olumese P., Al Zedjali M.S., Al-Mukhaini S.
Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman - Department of Malaria Eradication
(2025)
C2
The "Pocket Manual for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria", published by the Ministry of Health of the Sultanate of Oman, provides practical guidance for healthcare professionals on how to identify, manage, and treat
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malaria cases. It emphasizes parasitological confirmation before treatment, outlines standard protocols for treating uncomplicated and severe malaria—including P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections—and specifies drug regimens based on patient weight and age. The manual also includes recommendations for travelers on malaria chemoprophylaxis and highlights the importance of prevention, especially for high-risk groups like children and pregnant women.
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To mark the International Day of the African Child, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) celebrated the inclusion of three of its antimalarial medicines on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) and the EML for Children (EMLc). These are two
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artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for adults, children and infants, and a rectal artesunate formulation for the pre-referral treatment of severe malaria in young children. The approved therapies — pyronaridine–artesunate, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine and rectal artesunate — offer child-friendly formulations and are the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Inclusion in the EMLc facilitates national adoption, improves access to high-quality treatments and addresses the disproportionate malaria burden among children under five. This supports global efforts to reduce malaria mortality and advance elimination.
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Antimalarial chemotherapy is crucial for reducing morbidity, mortality, and drug resistance, and is the cornerstone of malaria control. Existing antimalarial drugs act at different stages of the parasite’s life cycle. These drugs range from classi
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c agents such as chloroquine and quinine to newer artemisinin derivatives. They include tissue schizonticides, blood schizonticides, gametocytocides, and sporontocides. Artemisinin and its derivatives are the most effective and fastest-acting treatment against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, achieving rapid parasite clearance and reducing transmission potential. Other key drugs include mefloquine, halofantrine, proguanil, sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine, atovaquone–proguanil, tetracyclines, clindamycin and azithromycin. Each of these drugs has a specific mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety profile and contraindications. Rational drug combinations and adherence to national treatment guidelines are essential for managing resistance, ensuring safety in vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women, and optimising therapeutic outcomes in cases of both uncomplicated and severe malaria.
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South Sudan continues to struggle with a severe health crisis affecting 8.9 million people, primarily in flood- and conflict-affected regions with population movements (displacement and returns), and disease outbreaks. The nation's health system, he
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avily reliant on international aid, faces staffing and resource shortages. Vulnerable groups, including women, children, the elderly, and those with disabilities, have limited healthcare access and face heightened risks of mortality and illness.
The life expectancy at birth (55 years) is among the lowest globally, as mortality rates remain among the highest with neonatal, infant, under-five mortality rates estimated at 39.63, 63.76 and 98.69 deaths per 1000 live births respectively, and a maternal mortality ratio of 1,223 deaths per 100,000 live births. Although some disease specific mortality rates such as TB and AIDS-related mortality have declined, mortality due to malaria and non-communicable diseases have increased over the past five years.
The main causes of morbidity remain communicable diseases; malaria, is the top cause of morbidity (64%) and mortality (45%) among outpatients, followed by pneumonia and diarrhea.20 Several Counties report malaria cases above the threshold perennially especially during the rainy seasons, affecting mainly children under five years. The last malaria indicator survey (2017) estimated malaria prevalence of 32%, 34% and 18% among children under-five, protection of civilian’s sites, and internally displaced persons, respectively.
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Pocket book of hospital care for children
recommended
Guidelines for the Management of common childhood Illness. 2nd edition
These guidelines focus on the management of the major causes of childhood mortality in most developing countries, such as newborn problems, pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, mening
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itis, septicaemia, measles and related conditions, severe acute malnutrition and paediatric HIV/AIDS. It also covers common procedures, patient monitoring and supportive care on the wards and some common surgical conditions that can be managed in small hospitals.
A smart phone and tablet application is available from the Apple or Google Play Store.
Special attention is drawn to the following sections, which are particulary relevant within the COVID-19 context:
Chapter 4: information on cough and difficulty in breathing, pneumonia and bronchiolitis;
Chapter 10: information on essential supportive care including feeding, fluid and oxygen provision;
Annex 1: information on related practical procedures.
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The risk of communicable diseases remains a humanitarian concern with major health risks including cholera, acute watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, malaria and other vector borne diseases and conditions such as
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severe acute malnutrition.
Access to the affected districts is still conditioned due to the destruction of roads, the telecommunications network and the interruption of electricity.
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This is a pocket-sized manual for use by doctors, senior nurses and other senior health workers who are responsible for the care of young children at the first referral level in developing countries. It presents up-to-date clinical guidelines which are based on a review of the available published ev
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idence by subject experts, for both inpatient and outpatient care in small hospitals where basic laboratory facilities and essential drugs and inexpensive medicines are available. It focuses on the inpatient management of the major causes of childhood mortality, such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, severe malnutrition, malaria, meningitis, measles, HIV infection and related conditions. It covers neonatal problems and surgical conditions of children which can be managed in small hospitals. This pocket book is part of a series of documents and tools that support the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).
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The World Health Organization’s (WHO) global report for the year 2019 indicates that sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has a very high maternal mortality rate (MMR) with a 2017 point estimate of 542 (UI 498 to 649) maternal deaths per 100 000 live births, accounting for approximately 66% of estimated globa
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l maternal deaths. Despite recent improvements, current analysis confirms that millions of mothers and children are still dying every year because of severe anaemia due to insufficient blood supply. The lack of blood to treat severe perinatal haemorrhage contributes to up to 72% of maternal deaths (2,3). Similarly, delayed transfusion has been associated with increased infant mortality in cases of paediatric malaria-associated anaemia (4,5). Indeed, safe and reliable blood and blood products remain unavailable to many people living in the world’s poorest countries, particularly in SSA. While the need for blood is universal, there is a significant imbalance between developing and industrialized countries accessing safe blood.
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Leptospirosis is a perplexing conundrum for many. In the existing literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full. Considered as a neglected tropical zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is culminating as a serious problem worldwide, seemingly exi
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sting as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, including dengue and malaria. Misdiagnosis is also common as non-specific symptoms are documented extensively in the literature. This can easily lead to death, as the severe form of leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) manifests as a complex of systemic complications, especially renal failure. The virulence of Leptospira sp. is usually attributed to the outer membrane proteins, including LipL32. With an armament of virulence factors at their disposal, their ability to easily adhere, invade and replicate within cells calls for a swift refinement in research progress to establish their exact pathophysiological framework. As an effort to reconstitute the current knowledge on leptospirosis, the basis of leptospiral infection, including its risk factors, classification, morphology, transmission, pathogenesis, co-infections and clinical manifestations are highlighted in this review. The various diagnostic techniques are also outlined with emphasis on their respective pros and cons.
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La thèse de Yobouet Inès Kouakou, soutenue à l’Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, porte sur le traitement d’urgence du paludisme sévère chez l’enfant à l’aide d’une administration intranasale d’artésunate. L’objectif principal d
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e ce travail est d’explorer, in vitro, la voie nasale comme alternative à la voie intra-rectale recommandée actuellement en pré-hospitalier. L’étude démontre la non-toxicité de formulations d’artésunate sur un modèle de muqueuse nasale humaine, bien que la perméation observée reste faible. Des pistes sont proposées pour améliorer cette perméation, notamment par l’optimisation galénique. La thèse inclut également une revue de la pharmacocinétique de l’artésunate et le développement de méthodes de dosage simples et peu coûteuses, adaptées aux laboratoires à ressources limitées. Ce travail s’inscrit dans une démarche de lutte contre le paludisme, notamment en zones rurales où l’accès aux soins reste difficile.
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