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Food environments are usually defined as the settings with all the different types of food made available and accessible to people as they go about their daily lives. That is, the range of food in supermarkets, small retail outlets, wet markets, street food stalls, coffee shops, tea houses, s...chool canteens, restaurants, and all the other venues where people buy and eat food. These environments differ enormously depending on the context. They can be extensive and diverse, with a seemingly endless array of options and price ranges, or they can be sparse, with very few options on offer. Because they determine what food consumers can access at a given moment in time, at what price, and with what degree of convenience, food environments both constrain and prompt the consumer’s choice.Food environments are influenced by the food systems which supply them, and vice versa. Food systems encompass the entire range of activities, people and institutions involved in the production, processing, marketing, consumption and disposal of food (FAO, 2013). They include but are not limited to food supply chains. Making food systems nutrition-sensitive can contribute to addressing all forms of malnutrition, as food systems determine whether the food needed for good nutrition are available, affordable, acceptable and of adequate quantity and quality. How closely food systems and food environments are interrelated and interdependent, and the degree to which external factors affect nutrition outcomes, varies from setting to setting.Many of today’s food systems and food environments are challenged in supporting consumer choices that are consistent with healthy diets and good nutrition. Consumers are not making choices based on nutrition and health, and poor diet is now the number one risk factor for death and disability worldwide (GBD, 2015). Food systems that do not enable healthy diets are increasingly recognized as an underlying cause of malnutrition (GLOPAN, 2016), and malnutrition, irrespective of form, has a huge cost. Economic costs associated with undernutrition are estimated at $1-2 trillion per year, about 2-3% of global GDP (FAO, 2013); the global economic cost of obesity and associated diet-related non-communicable diseases is estimated at $2 trillion per year, about 2.8% of global GDP (McKinsey, 2014). Influencing food environments for promoting healthy diets is an emerging strategy to address today’s nutrition challenges. more

There is a broad consensus nowadays that the Earth is warming up as a result of greenhouse gas emissions caused by anthropogenic activities. It is also clear that current trends in the fields of energy, development and population growth will lead to continuous and ever more dramatic climate change. ... more

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa : Primary Healthcare Level 2020 edition

the Essential Drugs Programme, the PHCAdult Hospital Level Expert review Committee, the National Essential Medicines List Committee National Department of Health South Africa (2020) CC

The PHC STGs and EML should be used by healthcare workers providing care at clinics, community health centres, and gateway clinics at hospitals. Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Committees (PTCs) are responsible for ensuring the availability of medicines listed in the PHC EML at those facilities, as... more

The Department of Health (DOH) has developed a National Integrated Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) Policy.1 This policy addresses the many cross-cutting issues relating to SRH service provision, drawing together the principles, rights, and guidance for planning and implementation th... more

Surveillance von Tuberkulose/HIV – ein Beispiel guter Praxis aus Botswana

The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series - Module 5: Tuberculosis

HIV 2016/2017

Novel vaccination approaches to prevent tuberculosis in children

Konzept zur Umsetzung frühzeitiger Impfungen bei Asylsuchenden nach Ankunft in Deutschland

HIV-Testung bei Tuberkulose-Diagnose: eine Selbstverständlichkeit ?

Husten als unspezifisches Leitsymptom – vom unklaren Beschwerdebild zur Diagnose einer offenen Lungentuberkulose

Welttuberkulosetag 2016: Gemeinsam gegen Tuberkulose

Assessment tool for the quality of hospital care for mothers and newborn babies
recommended

Proper maternal nutrition during pregnancy planning and pregnancy: a healthy start in life. Recommendations for health care professionals – the experience from Latvia

Influencing food environments for healthy diets

Comparison of national antimicrobial treatment guidelines, African Union

Contributions of WHO to South Africa’s health agenda: evaluation of the Country Cooperation Strategy 2016-2020: abridged version

Climate change and communicable diseases: a manual for health workers

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa : Primary Healthcare Level 2020 edition

National Contraception Clinical Guidelines 2019

Assessment tool for the quality of hospital care for mothers and newborn babies recommended

Assessment tool for the quality of hospital care for mothers and newborn babies
recommended