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Community Empowerment in Health Uganda

Edward O'Neil Jr The Brookings Institution’s International Volunteering and Service Initiative (2009) C1

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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African Antibiotic Treatment Guidelines for Common Bacterial Infections and Syndromes – Final Report

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (2021) CC

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Where the heart is: Meeting the psychosocial needs of young children in the context of HIV/AIDS

Richter, L., Foster, G. and Sherr, L. Bernard van Leer Foundation (2006) C2

An output of a series of workshops on psychosocial support held in 2004-2005 by the Bernard van Leer Foundation and the Coalition on Children Affected by AIDS. Authors Linda Richter, Geoff Foster and Lorraine Sherr discuss the issues surrounding psychosocial care and support for children made vulner... more

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Strengthening community mental health resources by training refugees as peer counselors - A manual for trainers

Josi Salem-Pickartz Al Himaya Foundation for Trauma Recovery, Growth and Resilience (2008)

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Social determinants approaches to public health: from concept to practice

Erik Blas, Johannes Sommerfeld and Anand Sivasankara Kurup World Health Organization WHO (2011) C_WHO

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Making agriculture in Africa climate-smart

Knaepen, H.; C. Torres and F. Rampa (2015) CC

Briefing Note no. 80 November 2015

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The Adolescent Girls Vulnerability Index: Guiding Strategic Investment in Uganda

The Population Council; The Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development Uganda; unicef (2013)

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Practical Epidemiology

Vaughan, P.; C. Victora and M. Chowdury. (2021) C1

Using Epidemiology to Support Primary Health Care. Updated version of the WHO handbook published in the early 1990's entitled: Manual of Epidemiology for District Health Management or those with an interest in applied epidemiology in primary health care and district health systems

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Health in 2015: from MDGs, Millennium Development Goals to SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals.

Ties Boerma, Colin Mathers, Carla AbouZahr, Somnath Chatterji, Daniel Hogan and Gretchen Stevens World Health Organization (2015) C_WHO

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Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey 2015

National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, Kenya, and ICF International (2016) C1

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Healthier Populations in Africa

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Promoting health and preventing disease is a critical component of the effort required to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC). to date, efforts to achieve UHC have focused mostly on strengthening health systems and their capacities to provide curative care. However, experience from the COVID-19 ... more

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Refugee Health
recommended

Médecins sans Frontières (1997) C3

An approach to emergency situations. Relief workers face rapidly changing and complex environments, new disease patterns, enormous humanitarian needs and relatively limited resources. The authors of this book use their experience in the area to produce an operational manual of the issues involved in... more

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Catalysing the HIV response for adolescents

Unicef; UNAIDS (2018)

In eastern and southern Africa #EndAdolescentAIDS July 2018 - A global call to action - Case studies - Blogs - Next steps

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Raising Clean Hands

UNICEF Joint Call to Action for WASH in Schools (2012) C_UNICEF

Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools

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Developmental difficulties in early childhood

World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) C_WHO

Prevention, early identification, assessment and intervention in low- and middle-income countries | A Review | CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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Rwanda: EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT POLICY

Ministry of Education, Rwanda (2011) C2

The Early Childhood Development Policy and its Strategic Plan seek to provide a framework to ensure such a holistic and integrated approach to the development of young children. International research has demonstrated the high economic returns on ECD investment and its positive impact on health and ... more

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Money & Microbes: Strengthening clinical research capacity to prevent epidemics

International Vaccines Task Force (IVTF) (2018) C1

Robust clinical research capacity in low- and middle-income countries is key to stemming the spread of epidemics, according to a new report from the International Vaccines Task Force (IVTF). The report lays out how to develop the political support, financing and coordination required to build this c... more

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Transforming Health Systems for Universal Health Care

Ministry of Health, Kenya (2016) C1

Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Planning Framework

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Guideline for Preventive Chemotherapy for the Control of Taenia solium Taeniasis

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2021) C_WHO

The larval stage of the parasite Taenia solium can encyst in the central nervous system causing neurocysticercosis, which is the main cause of acquired epilepsy in the countries in which the parasite is endemic. Endemic areas are those with the presence (or likely presence) of the full life cycle of... more

Refugee Health recommended

Refugee Health
recommended