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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Country Office Annual Report 2022 Namibia-Update on the context and situation of children

UNICEF (2022) C_UNICEF

In 2022, Namibia had an estimated population of 2.6 million people, where 51 per cent per cent are females and 52.5 per cent of households in urban areas, with fast-growing urban informal settlements which lack access to basic services. Namibia has a young population; 42 per cent are children (0-17 ... more

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Technical Brief Workforce Development
recommended

I-Tech International Training and Education Center for Health (2021) CC2

The World Health Organization (WHO) projects a global shortfall of 18 million health workers by 2030, mostly in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Contributing to the global deficit are chronic under-investment in education and training of health workers; workforce migration; an aging health wo... more

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Health Namibia Budget Brief

UNICEF (2022) C_UNICEF

Strengthening health financing to accelerate progress towards universal health coverage. Total Government Health Expenditure exceeds the commitment by African Union member states to commit at least 15% of their budgets to the health sector. With a sector allocation of 16.6% of total budget in 2022/... more

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Irreplaceable, effective, affordable, responsible: Why ODA is crucial for global health

Tilman Rüppel and Joachim Rüppel medmissio (2025) CC

This publication uses graphics to explain the importance of development cooperation in general and for health in particular. Financial contributions in the context of development cooperation have proven to be indispensable, effective, affordable and responsible in recent decades.

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Malaria Case Management Training Manual for Health Professionals in Ethiopa. Participant Manual

Federal Ministry of Health FMOH, EThiopia (2022) CC

This malaria case management training manual was developed by the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) of Ethiopia, in collaboration with several national and international partners. Primarily based on WHO guidelines and training materials, as well as the 2022 national malaria guidelines and various te... more

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Co-infection HBV and malaria: a striking association

Scotto,G.; V. Fazio and L. Lo Muzio (2019) CC

Le Infezioni in Medicina, n. 1, 3-10, 2019

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PACK Global Adult - Practical Aproach to Care Kit

BMJ PACK (2018) CC

The Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK) is a health systems improvement programme designed to support the work of primary care health workers in underserved communities (like doctors, nurses, midwives, health officers, community health practitioners), strengthen the health services in which they w... more

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Ukraine: People with chronic diseases face massive challenges in accessing health care

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe (2022) C_WHO

22 April 2022

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Child and adolescent mental and behavioural disorders mhGAP. Training of Health-care Providers and Training manual Supporting material

World Health Organization WHO (2010) C_WHO

Training of Health-care Providers and Training manual Supporting material

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Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Retreatment Tuberculosis Patients in Benin

Serge Ade, Omer Adjibodé, Prudence Wachinou, Narcisse Toundoh, Bérénice Awanou, Gildas Agodokpessi, Dissou Affolabi, Gabriel Adè, Anthony D. Harries, Séverin Anagonou Hindawi (2016) C2

Patients with retreatment tuberculosis (TB) represent those who have been treated previously for onemonth ormorewith anti-TB drugs and who have been diagnosed once again with the disease.These patientsmainly include relapses, treatment after failure, or loss to follow-up on a first-line treatmen... more

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Disaster Risk Management for Health: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

World Health Organization (2011) C1

Fact Sheet

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Malawi: Assessment of the Logistics and Supply Chain Management of Anti-TB Medicines

Chana, R USAID (2009) C1

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Disorders due to substance use - mhGAP Training of Health-care Providers Training manual Supporting material

World Health Organization (2019) C_WHO

Accessed: 21.03.2019

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Information bulletin no. 1 Americas: Population Movement August 2019

IFCR IFCR (2019) CC

In early 2015, the Americas region began to experience a surge in migration flows due in large part to the rise of people emigrating from Venezuela in response to the country’s faltering economy. This swell in migration continued in the years following, as the number of Venezuelans living in Latin... more

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Message Guide for the Fight Against Malaria in Malawi

Ministry of Health of Malawi (2023) CC

This document was developed by the Ministry of Health in Malawi in collaboration with national and international partners. It introduces a Social and Behaviour Change (SBC) malaria message guide that is aligned with the National Malaria Communication Strategy (NMCS) for the period 2023–2030. The g... more

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Surgery for victims of war

D. Dufour; S. Kromann Jensen; M.Owen-Smith, et al. ICRC (1998)

This handbook summarizes the experience of leading practitioners in the field of war surgery and is intended to help military and civilian surgical teams treat people wounded in armed conflicts. It covers first aid, admission of urgent cases and triage, skin grafts, treatment of infections, wounds a... more

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Untreated Violence: Critical gaps in medical and clinical forensic care for survivors of sexual violence in South Africa

Médecins sans Frontières MSF (2017) C1

Sexual violence is a major problem in South Africa, with studies showing that up to one in four women have been raped in their lifetime.

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Essential Surgical Skills with special emphasis on Emergency Maternal & Child Health

Childhealth Advocacy International, Advanced Life Support Group Advanced Life Support Group, Childhealth Advocacy International (2007) C1

The Practical Approach to Emergencies in the Pregnant Mother, Newborn infant and Child. Provder Manual

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Guidelines for Accreditation of private health facilities for Providing RCH Services

Maternal Health Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India Maternal Health Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India (2010) C1

Technical Brief Workforce Development recommended

Technical Brief Workforce Development
recommended