Agencia Espanola de Cooperatión International para el Desarrollo
1
AIDS Accountability, et al.
1
AIDS Free (Strenghtening High Impact Interventions for a AIDS-free Generation)
1
AIDSinfo
1
Al Ju’beh K
1
Alan J. Flisher, Michelle Funk, Natalie Drew et al.
1
Alexander Butchart, David Brown, Andrew Wilson, and Christopher Mikton
1
Allers, Claudia, Timothy O’Hearn, and Meba Kagone
1
Alliance
1
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR) and World Health Organization
1
Alyssa S. Parpia, Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah, Natasha S. Wenzel, et al.
1
Alzheimer's Disease International
1
and C.L.Weeraratne
1
and S. Ayenalam Kidanie
1
Andrew Maddocks, Robert Samuel Young and Paul Reig
1
Andrianos, L.
1
Aquaclara, et al.
1
Ashorn, P.
1
Ateudjieu, J.
1
Auberon Jeleel Odoomn Tan Xiangyun, Laurie Y. Hung & Arnaud Rouillot
1
Avert
1
Avi Kenny, Gaurab Basu, Madeleine Ballard et al.
1
Awusabo-Asare, K.
1
B. Poelman, K.G. Dewey, et al.
1
B. Tesfaye
1
B. Weil
1
Bankole A., Hussain R., Sedgh G. et. al.
1
Banks, L.M. & Keogh, M.
1
Barbara McPake, Ijeoma Edoka, Sophie Witter, et al.
1
Barker, G.
1
Bashemera, Domitilla R., Martha J. Nhembo, and Grace Benedict
1
Basic Needs Basic Rights
1
Bataduwaarachchi, V.R.
1
Bergmann, J.
1
Bernadette Daelmans, Olufemi Oladapo, Özge Tuncalp et al
1
Bernard van Leer Foundation
1
Berry, P.
1
Bettina B., J. Barnes, A. Carmona
1
bff e.V., Frauenhauskoordinierung e.V.
1
BIB Hounkpatin , Obossou AAA, Tonato-Bagnan A, Hounkponou FN, Aboubakar M, Sehlouan C , Tshabu Aguemon C, Sidi IR, Salifou K, Vodouhe MV, Perrin RX
1
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, et al.
1
BioMed Central
1
Bizimana, T.
1
Blocher, J.
1
BMC Health Services Research
1
BMC Public Health
1
BMJ Open
1
BMZ
1
Board on Global Health
1
Board on Health Sciences Policy
1
Bodeker, Gerard, Ong, Chi-Keong, Grundy, Chris, Burford, Gemma, Shein, Kin. et al. (2005). WHO global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine. Kobe, Japa
1
Bonsu FA, Hanson-Nortey NN, Afutu FK et al.
1
Bosu, WK
1
Brot für die Welt
1
Bruniea, A.
1
Bureau of international labor affairs
1
C. Kouambeng, R. Wounang et. al.
1
C. and B. Kwagala
1
C. C. Chakanyuka Musanhu al.
1
C. Daniels, et al.
1
C. Figueroa
1
C. Fitzpatrick, J.Jannin
1
C. Giannou, M. Baldan and A. Molde
1
C. Irvine
1
C. J. Berg
1
C. Pasquini
1
C. Pérez Casas
1
C. Quinn
1
C. Torres and F. Rampa
1
C. Victora and M. Chowdury.
1
C.Victor
1
Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International
1
CARE, International Rescue Committee, Save the Children, Women's Refugee Commission
1
Carine Baxerres
1
Cascioli Sharp, R.
1
Catholic Relief Services
1
Cavallaro F. L., L. Benova, D. Macleod et. al.
1
CBM
1
CBM & Basic Needs UK in Uganda (BNUU)
1
CBR Africa Network, Handicap International
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HHS-CDC)
1
Central Coast Children's Foundation
1
Central Statistical Office Lusaka
1
Chakane, Ntema
1
Chang, S.W.
1
Chapotera, Gertrude, Vinitha Jayachandran, and John Phuka
1
Charles Lwanga-Ntale
1
Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, et al.
1
Chatanga, Peter
1
Chikwasha, Vasco, Isaac Phiri, Pugie Chimberengwa, Donewell Bangure, and Simbarashe Rusakaniko
1
Children & AIDS
1
Christian Blind Mission (CBM)
1
Christina Angela Ntulo
1
Christina Brandes-Barbier, Véronique Millot, Tomas Allen et al
1
CIDRAP
1
Clarke, K. , M. Sall, B. Mané
1
Claudia Hanson, Jonathan Cox, Godfrey Mbaruku, et al.
1
Clinics in Mother & Child Health
1
CMAM Forum
1
Cometto, G.
1
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
1
Community Event-Based Surveillance (CEBS) Implementation Team
1
Community Health Serivces Division and Family Health Division
1
Conseil Nationale de Lutte Contre le SIDA (CNLS)
1
Cornell University
1
Corrado Barbui, Tarun Dua, Kavitha Kolappa et al.
1
Cotton, M., et al.
1
Coulibaly M., N. Meda, C. Yonaba et al.
1
Cynthia Green
1
D.
1
D. Maradiaga
1
D. S. Abebe
1
Dacombe R., I. Bates, B. Gopul et al.
1
Daniele M.A., Ganaba R., Sarrassat S. et. al.
1
David H. Peters, Nhan T. Tran, Taghreed Adam
1
De Vreede, E.
1
Denis Mubiru, Robert Byabasheija, John Baptist Bwanika, et al.
1
Department for International Development (DFID)
1
Detges, A.
1
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) & Christoffel-Blindenmission (CBM)
1
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tropenchirurgie
1
Départements AHVP
1
DFID
1
DHS Further Analysis Reports No. 111
1
DHS Program
1
Diana Beck, Frances Ganges, Susan Goldman, Phyllis Long
1
Diego J. Rodriguez, Matthijs Schuring, Nansia Constantinou et al.
1
Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development Journal (DCIDJ)
1
Donaldson, Liam
1
Dr M.Funk
1
Dr T Apalata, Dr C Bamford, Mr D Benjamin et al.
1
Dr. M. Belfer
1
Dr. M. Funk
1
Dr. M. Gurung
1
Dwyer, S.C.
1
E. VII Mballa Elanga
1
eacute;
1
Eannaso
1
EcoSan Club
1
EKD
1
El Proyecto Esfera
1
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
1
Elke Müllegger, Günter Langergraber, and Markus Lechner
1
Elvis E. Tarkang, Prosper M. Lutala
1
EngenderHealth
1
Environmentally Sustainable Development supported by World Bank
1
Equip.org
1
Erin Berry-Bibee, Melissa Chen, Kathryn Curtis et al.
1
Escobar, P.
1
ESMO
1
Essack S.Y., A.T. Desta, R.E. Abotsi et al.
1
et al. (Джеймса Баера
1
et al.)
1
et al.,
1
et. al.
1
eta al.
1
etc al.
1
Ethioian Health Insurance Agency
1
Etienne V Langlois, Andrew Mc Kenzie, Helen Schneider & Jeffrey W Mecaskey
1
European Asylum Support Office
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
1
European Investment Bank EIB and UN Development Programme UNDP
1
European Public Health Association
1
European Union (EU)
1
Evans, Timothy Grant
1
Expert Group on Disability
1
F. Ndugulile
1
F. Stuer
1
Family Health International (FHI)
1
Fanta Project
1
FAO and NEPAD
1
Farkas, A.
1
Fast, Larissa and Adele Waugaman
1
Faye S. L., J. L. Ndiaye, S. Ba et. al.
1
Federal Ministry Of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
1
Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria
1
Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria , World Health Organisation (WHO), DFID, et al.
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
1
Federschmidt, K.
1
Feed the Future
1
Fédération Internationale des Societés de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant Rouge
1
FHI 360
1
FHI360
1
Flavia Bustreo, Marie-Paule Kieny, Lale Say et al.
1
Food and Agricultur Organization of the United Nations
1
Food and Agriculture Organization
1
Forde, Ian
1
Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada
1
Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders
1
Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
1
G. Abiyu, et al.
1
G. Ayala
1
G. Ivbijaro
1
G. Mburu, D. Richardson
1
G4Alliance for surgery, obstetric, trauma and anesthesia care
1
GBD 2019 Human Resources for Health Collaborators
1
GBD 2019 Tuberculosis Collaborators
1
GBD2019 Dementia Forecasting Coolaborators
1
GBI
1
GEF
1
German Institute for Medical Mission
1
GFATM
1
Ghana Federation of the Disabled
1
Ghana Health Service (GHS)
1
Ghana Health Service, et al.
1
Ghana Health Service, ICF
1
Ghana Prisons
1
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF International
1
Ghana Statistical Service Accra, Ghana Health Service Accra, Ghana
1
Ghana Statistical Service Ghana Health Service Accra, Ghana
1
Ghana, Ministry of Health
1
Ghanaian Parliament
1
GHS/NMCP/JHPIEGO/MSH/GLOBAL FUND (GFATM)
1
Gilma Mantilla
1
GIZ
1
Global AIDS Program (GAP)
1
Global Center on Adaptation
1
Global Clubfoot Initiative (GCI)
1
Global Healp
1
Global Health Action
1
Global Health: Science and Practice
1
Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases
1
Global Polio Eradication Initiative
1
Globalization and Health
1
GOARN
1
Godfrey, E.
1
Government of Ghana
1
Government of Guinea
1
Government of Liberia
1
GOVERNMENT OF LIBERIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE
1
Government of Nigeria Health Cluster World Health Organization
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Action Contre la Faim France, Irish Aid
1
Government of Southern Sudan, Ministry of Health
1
Governments of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone
1
Grace Musoke & Priscille Geiser
1
Grace Yawo Gadagbui
1
Groupe de la Banque Africaine de Developpement
1
Gureje, O.
1
Guttmacher Institute
1
H. Ingold
1
H. Sloot
1
H. Thirumurthy, E. Omanga, B. Obonyo et al.
1
HAI
1
hai global
1
Haja R. Wurie, Mohamed Samai and Sophie Witter, Human Resources for Health
1
Halloran A.
1
Handicap International
1
Hann, K., Pearson, H., Campbell, D., et al.
1
Hanne M. Norseth1,2, Patricia D. Ndhlovu3, Elisabeth Kleppa, et al.
1
healt promotion agency, New Zwaland Goverment
1
Health Care without Harm
1
Health Finance & Governance
1
Health Policy Plus
1
Health Policy Project
1
Heart, BMJ journals
1
Hege Johanne Asting Magnussen
1
HELEM
1
Helene Schwartz, ACF International Network
1
Henry Perry
1
Hindawi
1
HIP Family Planning High Impact Practices
1
House of Commons International Development Committee
1
House, S.
1
Huihui Wang, Nathaniel Otoo, and Lydia Dsane-Selby
1
Human Resources for Health
1
Humanity & Inclusion
1
Humboldt University Berlin, Research Programme on Religious Communities and sustainable developpment
1
I. Frost
1
I. Henry
1
I.J. Emodi
1
IATT
1
icco (Partner to enterprising people)
1
ILEP
1
ILO
1
Ilona Kickbusch
1
Ilse Worm
1
IMPACT Initiatives UNHCR
1
Inconnu
1
Indefes - Terre des Hommes
1
Inés Garcia Baena, Andrew Siroka, Amy Collins et al.
1
Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
1
Institute for Community Inclusion at University of Massachusetts
1
Inter-Parliamentary Union (For democracy, For everyone)
1
International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
1
International Bureau for Epilepsy
1
International Centre for Evidence in Disability (ICED)
1
International Coll. Essential Surgery
1
International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC
1
International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
1
International council of Nurses
1
International Development Association
1
International Disablity and Development Consotrium (IDDC), UN
1
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva
1
International HIV/AIDS
1
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)
1
International Journal of Health Policy and Management
1
International Journal of Health Policy and Management IJHPM
1
International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Educa tion and Behavioural Science
1
International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
1
International Labour Organization
1
International League against Epilepsy
1
International Peace Institute
1
International Research Institute for Climate and Society
1
International Vaccines Task Force (IVTF)
1
Iris Onipede, Ellen Schmitt
1
Irish Aid
1
Izumi Nakamitsu et al.
1
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
1
J. Bear
1
J. Butler
1
J. Osborne
1
J. Rech. Sci. Univ. Lomé (Togo), Centre de Formation en Santé Publique
1
J. Slikker
1
J. Stover
1
J. T. Galea
1
J.F.Oletta, M.J.González, et al.
1
Jack, H.
1
Jan H. Kolaczinski, et al.
1
Jane Doherty
1
Jane Phiri and John E Ataguba
1
Jean-Claude Agnila, Coffi Agossou, Julien Aissan et al.
1
Jibril , A.
1
John Hopkins Bloomberg University
1
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
1
Joseph Kutzin, Sophie Witter, Matthew Jowett et al.
1
Journal des anthropologues
1
Journal of AIDS and HIV Infections
1
Journal of Public Health
1
Journal of the International AIDS Society
1
JSI Research & Training Institute
1
Julia Samuelson, Rachel Baggaley, Gottfried Hirnschall et al
1
K. Slobodianiuk
1
K. A. Thomson
1
K. Achebe
1
K. Asedeu
1
K. Asiedu
1
K. Greenaway
1
K. Gryboski, N.V. Yinger
1
K. Hiban, I. Frost, et al.
1
K. Vinke
1
K.K. Iloh
1
Kabue M., Kasungami D., et al. ,
1
Kagisha, V.
1
Kamala Achu, Kathy Al Jubah, Svein Brodtkorb, Philippe Chervin, Peter Coleridge, Mike Davies, Sunil Deepak, Kenneth Eklindh, Ann Goerdt, Cindy Greer, Karen Heinicke-Motsch, Derek Hooper, Venus B Ilagan, Natalie Jessup, Chapal Khasnabis, Diane Mulligan, Barbara Murray, Alana Officer, Francesca Ortali, Bob Ransom, Aline Robert, Sue Stubbs, Maya Thomas, Venkatesh Balakrishna et Roselyn Wabuge-Mwangi.
Koulidiati J. L., Nesbitt R. C., Ouedraogo N. et. al.
1
KPMG Africa
1
Kulkarni, S.
1
L. Davies
1
L. Ferguson
1
L. Kenny
1
L. Messner, L. Crye
1
Laili Irani, Sara Pappa, and Pierre Dindi
1
Lauren Miller
1
Laurence Cibrelus
1
Learning Route (LR), SUN (Scaling Up Nutrition)
1
Leatherman, Sheila
1
Ledikwe, J.H., Kejelepula, M., Maupo, K., et al.
1
Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre
1
Liliane Foundation
1
LINKAGES, L., Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care, R. and United Nations Children's Fund , U.
1
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
1
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)
1
Loua, A.
1
López-Loyo, E.
1
Lynn Cockburn, Timothy N. Fanfon, Alexa Bramall et al.
1
M. Auton
1
M. Belfer
1
M. Dallao
1
M. Djibuti
1
M. Funk
1
M. Gaanderse
1
M. Gutmann
1
M. Mireku,M. Kiruki, R. McCollum, et al.
1
M. Muno, et al.
1
M. Muñoz
1
M. N. Drew
1
M. Ndinakie Yakum, A. Pascal Goura
1
M. Newman Owiredu
1
M. Prescott, C. Boeke, T. Gotora, et al.
1
M. R. Jordan
1
M. S. Ruiz
1
M. Schomaker
1
M. Slutsker
1
M. Smelyanskaya, C. Daniels, et al.
1
M. Smelyanskaya, J. Duncan (The Focus Group Consulting)
1
M. Wong
1
M.-A. Davies
1
M.Biehl, R. Gütter ,et al.
1
M.Shukla, K. Johnson Lassner et. al.
1
Macro International
1
Magdy Martínez-Solimán
1
Mageni, Judith Nekesa, Ann Mwagni, Samwel Mbugua, and Vincent Mukthar
1
Magezi, V.
1
Majumdar, P. and Fagan, T.
1
Malaria Consortium
1
Malaria Journal
1
Mallick, Lindsay, Tukur Dahiru, and Kerry L.D. MacQuarrie
1
Malou Adom P. V.1, Makoutode Ch. P.2, Gnaro T.3, Ouro-Koura A.-R.4, Ouendo E. M.5, Napo-Koura G.6, Makoutode M.7
1
Malteser International
1
Maman, D.
1
Management sciences for health (MSH)
1
Manuel Sanchez-Montero and Núria Salse Ubach
1
Mapako, Tonderai, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Maarten J. Postma, Marinus van Hulst, Janet Dzangare, Stellah Ngwende, John Mandisarisa, Ponesai Nyika, David A. Mvere, Owen Mugurungi, and Mufuta Tshimanga
1
Maria Isabel Egüez
1
Maria Neira, Edward Kelley, Mickey Chopra et al.
1
Marie-Noel Bruné Drisse and Fiona Goldizen
1
Mario R Dal Poz, Neeru Gupta, Estelle Quain and Agnes LB Soucat
1
Martin Kayitale Mbonye, Sarah M Burnett, Robert Colebunders, et al.
1
Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo
1
Massoda Tonye, S.G.
1
Mathieu Maheu-Giroux, Lawrence Joseph, Patrick Belisle and others
1
Mbugua S., L. D. MacQuarrie K.
1
MDPI Antibiotics
1
Measles Initiative
1
Measure
1
MEASURE Evaluation
1
Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) | Ministry of Health and Child Care
1
Meike J. Schleif, Iain Aitken , et al.
1
Meis, M.
1
mHealth Kenya
1
Michel Makoutodé, Fatoumata Diallo, Virginie Mongbo, Édouard Guévart, Léodégal Bazira
1
Ministerio de Salud Ecuador
1
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social
1
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social Paraguay, et al.
1
Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social Paraguay: Organización Panamericana de la Salud, et al.
1
Ministère de la santé - Burkina Faso
1
Ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale
1
Ministère de la Santé et l'Action Sociale, Senegal
1
Ministère de la Santé Senegal
1
Ministère de la Santé, République Bénin
1
Ministère de la Santé, République du Bénin
1
Ministry of Education, Rwanda
1
Ministry of Health and Ministry of Environment Ghana
1
Ministry of Health & Child Welfare
1
Ministry of Health & Social Welfare India
1
Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Health, Nepal
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation (Sierra Leone), UNICEF, Helen Keller International, and WHO
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation, International Centre for Eye Health, Sightsavers
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS)
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in Liberia and the World Bank
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Liberia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health Ghana National Drugs Programme
1
Ministry of Health Uganda, WHO Uganda
1
Ministry of Health Zambia
1
Ministry of Health, Gabarone, Botswana
1
Ministry of Health, Ghana, Ghana AIDS Commission
1
Ministry of Health, Ghana, World Health Organizaiotn (WHO) and Ghana Health Service
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Liberia
1
Ministry of Health, Guinea
1
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, et al.
1
Ministry of Health, Nutrition & Indigenous Medicine
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda
1
Ministry of Health, Rwanda
1
Ministry of Health, Uganda
1
Ministry of Health, World Health Organisation (WHO), Roll Back Malaria
The report is geared towards mayors, local government officials and city policy planners.It highlights key areas where city leaders can tackle the drivers of NCDs, including tobacco use, air pollution, poor diets and lack of exercise, and improve road safety.
From anti-tobacco actions in Beijing a...nd Bogor, to road safety initiatives in Accra and Bangkok, a bike sharing scheme in Fortaleza, and actions to create walkable streets for seniors that have reduced elderly pedestrian deaths by 16% in New York City, the report aims to share knowledge between urban policy planners.
Of the 19 case studies cited, 15 are from developing countries, where 85% of premature adult deaths through NCDs take place, and over 90% of road traffic fatalities are recorded. You can download the case studieson the website https://www.who.int/ncds/publications/tackling-ncds-in-cities/en/.
Over 90% of future urban population growth will be in low or middle-income countries, and seven of the world’s 10 largest cities are in developing countries.more
The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in an evolving epidemiological context where some countries are experiencing a progressive decrease in HIV positivity in their testing programme as they are moving closer to the first 95 target. Distinguishing changes in HIV testing services due to the COVID-19 pandemic... from those resulting from evolving HIV testing strategies is crucial for adapting services and helping countries define their strategic mix of testing options moving forward. There is a need to focus, prioritize and plan for strategic efforts to prevent going further off the track toward achieving global targets and goals.
To support these efforts, WHO in partnership with ministries of health conducted an in-depth analysis of HIV testing services and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation prior to and during reported COVID-19 disruptions. Additional publicly available Global Fund and PEPFAR data was also reviewed and analysed. This analysis, and coordination with ministries of health, identified key service delivery adaptations utilized during COVID-19-related disruptions and formed the basis of this strategic guide.
This document focuses on current country needs, as well as plans for prioritization and potential surge support needs in the event of future disruptions. Although the data and implications are specific to sub-Saharan Africa, key principles and lessons can be applied elsewhere.more
In 2009, WHO’s Second International Conference on Buruli Ulcer Control and Research resolved to strengthen the capacity of national laboratories to confirm cases of the disease, but advised that “efforts are still needed to develop simple diagnostic tools usable in the field as well as disabilit...y prevention methods”.
In 2013, WHO and the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics convened a meeting of Buruli ulcer experts in Geneva, Switzerland (9) at which two priority unmet needs in diagnosis were identified:
a diagnostic test for early detection of Buruli ulcer in symptomatic patients with sufficient positive predictive value to put patients on appropriate treatment; and
a screening test at the primary health care or community level for symptomatic patients with ulcermore
Forests, trees and green spaces, hereinafter ‘forests and trees’ for short, provide multiple goods and services that contribute to human health. These include medicines, nutritious foods and other non-wood forest products (NWFPs). Globally, at least 3.5 billion people use NWFPs, including medici...nal plants, which are particularly important for vulnerable groups and Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs).
During periods of crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for forest products typically increases amongst these groups. Forests and trees also contribute to better health by playing a role in climate change
mitigation and adaptation, contributing to regulating the carbon cycle, but also moderating the micro-climate, filtering pollutants from the air and protecting settlements against the effects of extreme events such as droughts and flash floods.more
This guideline provides evidence-informed guidance on the use of non-sugar sweeteners to reduce the risk of unhealthy weight gain and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in adults and children. The guidance in this guideline is not based on toxicological assessments of the safety of individual no...n-sugar sweeteners and is therefore not intended to update or replace guidance on safe or maximal levels of intake established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) or other authoritative bodies.more
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a double shock - health and economic. As of March 1, 2021, COVID-19 has cost more than 2.5 million lives and triggered an economic recession surpassing any economic downturn since World War II.
Part I of this paper explores the impact of this current macro-fisc...al outlook on the three primary sources of health spending. Drawing on experiences from previous economic crises, scenario analyses suggest a fall in government per capita spending on health in 2021 and 2022 unless governments make bold choices to increase the share of health in general government spending.
Part II of the paper discusses policy options to meet the spending needs in health. These options encompass strategies to make fiscal adjustments work and channel funds where they are most needed, as well as policies to stabilize the balance sheets of social health insurance (SHI) schemes. The paper explains how the health sector can play an active role in expanding fiscal space, contributing to tax reforms, most importantly pro-health taxes, and mobilizing and absorbing external financing, including debt relief.more