Knowledge Translation Unit (University of Cape Tow Lung Institute)
1
Kola, L.
1
Koulidiati J. L., Nesbitt R. C., Ouedraogo N. et. al.
1
Kreienbrock, L. et al.
1
Krupnick, Gary A.
1
Kuper, H.
1
l.
1
Laura Smith-Khan, Professor Mary Crock, Professor Ben Saul, Professor Emeritus Ron McCallum AO, University of Sydney
1
Lawrence Flick Memorial Tuberculosis Clinic, Philadelphia Tuberculosis Control Program
1
Lawrence Mayega, Michel M. Dione, Brian Kawuma, et al.
1
Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Program, Liberia and ICF International
1
Liberty O. Yaneza, Ma. Consolacion Dolor-Torres, Sue Ann R. Locnen
1
Limeira, C.
1
Lucille Bartholomeusz
1
Luwabelwa, M.
1
M. Bakare
1
M. Dara
1
M. Mac Donald
1
M. Mikulencak
1
M.Owen-Smith, et al.
1
M.R. Rajagopal Vallath Nandini, Lulu Mathews, et al.
1
Magagula, Samuel V.
1
Malawi Ministry of Health
1
Malgosia Grzemska, Elizabeth Mathai
1
Manju Vatsa, Duangvadee Sungkhobol, Sudarshan Kumari, et al.
1
Manjula Marella
1
Maroufou Jules Alao, Blaise Ayivi and Didier Lacombe
1
Martin Kayitale Mbonye, Sarah M Burnett, Robert Colebunders, et al.
1
Mary Keogh, Monika Brenes, Priska Gronenberg et al.
1
Masumbuko ClaudeK, Underschultz J,Hawkes MT
1
Maternal & Childhealth Advocacy International MCAI
1
Maternal Health Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Matthew Hodes and Susan Gau
1
Maxwell, J.
1
Mayling Simpson-Hebert
1
Medicins Sans Frontieres
1
Meike J. Schleif, Iain Aitken , et al.
1
Mendoza, G.
1
Médecins sans Frontières MSF
1
mhGAP
1
Migration Policy Institute
1
Minister of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Ministeria de Saude, Brasil
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Directorate General of Health Services EMR Division
1
Ministry of Health & Social Welfare India
1
Ministry of Health & Welfare, New Delhi
1
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Pakistan
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation, International Centre for Eye Health, Sightsavers
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) & Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (MOEAC)
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSS), Kingdom of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW), Kingdom of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, India
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of India
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Programme, Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The United Republic of Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zimbabwe
1
Ministry Of Health Community, Development,Gender, Elderly And Children, the United Republic Of Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health Ghana
1
Ministry of Health Ghana National Drugs Programme
1
Ministry of Health Nepal
1
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children
1
Ministry of Health, Fiji
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal
1
Ministry of Health, Nutrition & Indigenous Medicine
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda
1
Ministry of Health, Uganda
1
Ministry of Medical Services, Kenya
1
Ministry of Public Health & Sanitation
1
Ministry of Public Health& Sanitation. Ministry of Medical Services. Kenya
1
Ministry of Rural Development
1
Mixed Migration Centre
1
Monteath-van Dok, A., Gallinetti, J., Kuper, H., Zuurmond, M., Danquah, L., Wing, K., &
1
Multicultural Mental Health Australia
1
Multidisciplinary Collaborative Group for the Scientific Monitoring of COVID-19 (GCMSC)
1
Munro, Leonie
1
N. K. Arora
1
N. Schoenfeld, W. Haas, E. Richter, et al.
1
NACO
1
NAD
1
Nafisa Baboo
1
Nahar, Quamrun, Marzia Sultana, Kerry L. D. MacQuarrie, and Rasheda Khan
1
Namibian Ministry of Basic Education
1
Natasha Graham
1
National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Cambodia
1
National Academy of Sciences
1
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA)
1
National AIDS Commission (NAC) and Lesotho Correctional Services (LCS), Government of Lesotho
1
National AIDS Commission, Government of Lesotho
1
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India
1
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectios Diseases
1
National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Cambodia
1
National Centre of Disease Control
1
National Department of Health South-Africa
1
National Department of Health, Republic of South Africa
1
National Department of Health, South Africa
1
National Institue of communicable Diseases, India
1
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MALARIA RESEARCH NEW DELHI
1
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), and ICF International
1
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ICF International
1
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
1
National Library of Medicine
1
National Population Commission (NPC
1
National Primary Health Care Development Agency
1
National Rabies Programme
1
National Rural Health Mission
1
National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh
1
National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Kenya
1
NCDC
1
NCPIC national Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre
1
NCTSN
1
NDoH South Africa
1
NICD, National Health Laboratory Services
1
Nilar Tin et al.
1
Novartis Comprehensive Leprosy Care Association
1
OECD
1
Office of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities
1
Orygen Youth Health
1
P. Hay
1
Paget Stanfield, Martin Brueton, Michael Chan, Michael Parkin, and Tony Waterston
1
Palale M.
1
Panday, S., P. Bissell , E.van Teijlingen, et al.
1
Partners in Health, World Health Organization
1
Pata
1
Patuzzi
1
Pedrozo e Silva de Azevedo, C.
1
Peter Bakker
1
Philippine Heart Association
1
Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
1
Philipps,J.A., et al.
1
Phone Myint
1
Physicians for Human Rights
1
Plan International
1
PMC (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health)
1
Polio Global Eradication Intiative
1
Population Foundation of India
1
Potter, A.L., Vandy, M., Smart, N. Blanchet, K.l.
1
Powers, W.J.
1
Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK)
1
Prof. AHM E. Hussain
1
Psychosocial Centre - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1
Publisher: National Academic Press
1
Quality Assurance and Standardization Division (QASD) Ministry of Health Bhutan
1
Rajan, S.
1
Rashed Al Mahmud Titumir, Jakir Hossain
1
REACT Cameroun
1
Regional Office for Africa, Government of Mauritius
1
Rehabilitation Council of India, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
1
Republic of Libera, Ministry for Health and Social Welfare
1
Republic of Liberia
1
Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Health
1
Richard Sebastian Silumbe
1
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
1
Robert-Koch-Institut RKI
1
Royal College of Anaesthetists
1
Royal Pharmaceutical Society, etal.
1
Ruiz, B., and K. Narcisa
1
S .Gulati
1
S. Galwankar
1
S. Kromann Jensen
1
S. Nakku Kibuuka
1
Santos de Azevedo, S. et al.
1
Santos, D.
1
Sächsiche Landeskammer
1
Scheeringa, M.S., Amaya-Jackson, L. & Cohen, J.
1
Scientific Electronic Libary Online SciElO
1
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
1
Sharon Abramowitz, Kristen McLean, Josephine Monger, Kodjo Tehoungue, Sarah McKune, Mosoka Fallah, Patricia Omidian
1
Sheena Posey Norris, Erin Hammers Forstag, and Bruce M. Altevogt
1
Sian Hawkins
1
Sian Tesni and Anais Keenon
1
Sider, R. , Buswell, M. , Al Salman, M. et al.
1
SOUTH AFRICAN ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMME (SAASP)
1
South to South Zoe life
1
STAT.KG
1
Statistics Division Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific Region
1
Statistics Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone, ICF International
1
Stemmet, C.L.
1
Stockholm Drug and Therapeutics Committee
1
Susa Coffey,et al.
1
Syrian American Medical Society
1
T. Boyles, M. Mendelson
1
T. Welsh
1
Tanzania Food & Drugs Authority (TFDA)
1
Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre
1
TB Care
1
TB Care II
1
Terre des Hommes Netherlands
1
Than Tun Sein
1
The Barefoot Guide Connection
1
the Essential Drugs Programme, the PHC
1
The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations
1
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization (WHO)
1
The Global Fund
1
The Government of Malawi
1
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF SWAZILAND MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE
1
The Independent Panel
1
The International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (ILEP)
1
The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
1
The MOST Project
1
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
1
The National Formulary Committee, National Drug Policy, DOH Philippines
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health
1
The Sentinel Project
1
The Union
1
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
1
U.S. Department of Human Services
1
UK Health Security Agency
1
UN Environment
1
UN environment programme
1
UNAIDS et al.
1
UNCEF
1
Uniandes Ambata Ecuador
1
UNICEF ROSA
1
UNICEF, UNESCO, UIS
1
UNICEF, World Health Organisation (WHO)
1
UNIFEM
1
Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations
1
UNITAID
1
United Methodist Church
1
United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF-Namibia)
1
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC
1
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
1
University of Cape Town
1
University of Maryland School of Medicine
1
University of Oslo
1
University of Zambia
1
Updated by J.Lees
1
US Dept. of Health and Human Services
1
US Dept.Health
1
USAID, Health Policy Project
1
UWONET (Uganda women network)
1
V. Parikh
1
V. Tucci
1
Van de Voorde, P.
1
Vincent Gooskens
1
W.
1
Waqas Ashfaq Qureshi
1
Wasserman, S.
1
WaterLinks
1
Web of Science
1
Werner
1
Werner, D, et al.
1
Werner, D. and B. Bower
1
Western Cape Government
1
Western Cape Government (health)
1
WHO and DOH Philippines
1
WHO Country Office for Nepal
1
WHO Health Emergencies Programme in association with UN Clinic, Kathmandu
1
WHO Western Pacific, Manila, and WHO South-East Asia, New Delhi
1
WHO, EHT, CPR
1
WHO, International Cooperation of Midwifes
1
Women for Global Health WGH
1
Women with Disabilities Development Foundation (WDDF), Asia-Pacific Development Center on Disability (APCD), South Asian Disability Forum (SADF)
1
Wonca International Classification Committee (WICC)
1
World Council of Churches
1
World Council of Churches WCC
1
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists
1
World Food Programme (WFP)
1
World Health Organisation (WHO) Country Office for Nepal
1
World Health Organization ( WHO), Regional Office for South-East-Asia
1
World Health Organization (Europe)
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South East Asia
1
World Health Organization WHO and Internationl Federation of the Red Cross ICRC
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Europe
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for South East Asia
1
World Health Organization WHO, Unicef
1
World Health Organization, et al.
1
World Health Organization, Intigrated Management of Adolescent and Adult illness (IMAI)
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1
World Health Organization, Sout-Easr Asia
1
World Health Organization, UN High Commissioner for Refugees
1
World Meteorological Organization
1
World Vision
1
Wright, J.
1
Xiaoyan Ke & Jing Liu
1
Y. Ono
1
Y. Tabi
1
Yawalker, S.
1
Z. Duby
1
Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority (ZAMRA)
1
Zambia Ministry of Health, National Food and Nutrition Commission and Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA)
1
Zambia National Association of the Hearing Impaired (ZNAHI)
1
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (Z IMSTAT) and ICF International. 20
1
Publication Years
2020-2024
401
2010-2019
269
Category
Guidelines
94
Drugs & Medical Equipment
49
Capacity Building
47
Policies
44
Pediatrics
39
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
36
Women & Child Health
33
Studies & Reports
32
Paediatrics
20
Disabilities
19
Surgery & Anaesthesia
17
COVID-19
12
Community Health
12
Neonatal Care
12
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
9
General Guidelines
9
Non-communicable Diseases
9
Demograhic Health Surveys DHS
8
TB
8
Child Health
7
Statistics
7
Under-5 nutrition
6
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
6
Clinical Guidelines
6
Dermatology
5
Women & Child Health
5
Maternal Health
5
Primary Health Care
5
HIV & STI
5
Clinical Training
4
Maternal & Child Health
4
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
4
Humanitarian Crisis
4
Communicable Diseases
4
General Guidelines
3
Vector Control
3
Community Health
3
Sexual Violence
3
Hemorrhagic Fever
3
Medical Devices & Equipment
3
Mental Health
3
Waste Management
3
Respiratory Infections
3
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
3
Nutrition
3
Age & Elderly
3
Communicable Diseases
2
Dental & Eye Care
2
Public Health
2
Sanitation
2
Online Courses & Platforms
2
Laboratory Waste
2
Pharmaceutical Assessments
2
Cardiovascular Diseases
2
Leprosy
2
Health Systems
2
Leprosy
2
NTDs & Others
2
Malaria
2
Disease Prevention & Control
2
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
2
Reproductive Health
2
Emergency Health Kits
1
Yaws
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Project Cycle Management
1
Disaster Preparedness
1
Bacteriology
1
Neurology & Psychology
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Cancer
1
Palliative Care
1
Cancer Treatment & Resources
1
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
1
Countries
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Health System Strengthening
1
NCD
1
Training Manuals
1
Palliative Care
1
WASH
1
Diarrhoea
1
Immunization
1
COPD/Asthma
1
Neurology & Psychology
1
Dengue
1
Laboratory Quality Assurance
1
Water
1
Key Resources
1
Global Health
1
Radiology and Diagnostic
1
Toolboxes
Essential Medicines & Devices Lists
12
Hearing Loss & Deafness
12
Children with Disabilities
10
Country specific documents
10
Measures ICF/ Model Disability Survey
8
Pediatrics
8
Essential Medicines
7
Education
7
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
6
Studies & Reports
6
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
6
Community Health Workers CHW
6
Neurological Disorders
6
Treatment & Prevention
5
Public Health
5
Children with disabilities
5
Health & Refugee
5
International
5
Infection Control General
5
Medical & Community Masks
5
Traditional & Herbal Medicines
5
War Surgery & Wound Care
5
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
5
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
5
Infection Control
5
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
5
Country specific
4
Inclusion
4
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
4
Clinical Guidelines
4
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
4
Handbooks & Manuals
4
Drug resistant TB
4
Assessment & Response
4
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
3
IPC
3
Children & Adolescents
3
Human Rights, Stigma & Discrimination
3
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
3
Climate & Health
3
Clinical Guidelines
3
For Health Worker
3
Country Specific
3
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
3
Oxygen Therapy
3
Long COVID/ Post-COVID Syndrome
3
Waste Management
3
Primary Care
3
Model Formulary
3
Waste Managment
3
Asia
3
General
3
Mental disorders, others
3
Policy
3
Training
3
Zika Prevention & Control
3
Guidelines CBR
3
Reports & Studies
3
Treatment & Clinical Management
3
Africa
2
Alcohol
2
Assessment & Studies
2
Surveillance
2
Background PTSD in children
2
Inclusion
2
Policies & Strategies
2
Studies & Reports
2
Social Mobilisation
2
Training Manuals
2
Stroke
2
mhGAP Guides
2
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
2
Training Supporting Material mhGAP
2
Child Health / Pediatrics
2
Country Guidelines
2
Laboratory & Sampling
2
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
2
IEC Substance Use Disorders
2
Treatment Guidelines
2
Prevention & Preparedness
2
Studies
2
Health Personnel
2
Essential List
2
Paediatrics
2
Pastoral Care
2
Others
2
Midwives
2
Nurses
2
Triage
2
Rational use of Medicine
2
Surgery
2
General Guidelines for Rational Use
2
Guidelines & Manuals
2
Health Impact & Climate Change
2
Health Worker
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
2
Children's Rights
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
2
Protection
2
Reproductive Health
2
Health Care Systems
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Tobacco
2
South-east Asia Region
2
TB
2
Capacity Building
2
Neurological disorders, Others
2
Training & Capacity Building
2
Eastern Europe and central Asia
2
Gender Aspects
1
War & Conflict
1
Outbreak Prevention & Control
1
Violence & Child Trafficking
1
Treatment Guidelines
1
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
1
Behaviour Change/Life Skill Education
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
HIV in Children and mental health
1
Intellectual Disability
1
Childhood TB
1
Accessibility
1
Agriculture & Veterinary
1
Posttraumatic stress disorder Adults
1
Inclusion in Humanitarian Settings
1
Training
1
Faith-based Organizations
1
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
1
Europe
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Clinical Aspects
1
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
1
Violence & Protection
1
Prevention & Control
1
Influenza Prevention & Control
1
Surgery & Rehabilitation
1
Vaccination
1
Adults
1
Physical Disability
1
Diagnosis & Treatment PTSD in Children
1
Information for Refugees & Migrants
1
Opportunistic Infections
1
WASH
1
Neuropsychology of Trauma
1
Training Manuals
1
Substance Use Disorders, Others
1
Interculturality
1
Dengue
1
Infection Control
1
Humanitarian Crisis
1
Latin America
1
Public Health
1
Eating Disorders
1
Refugee
1
National Policies
1
Diverse Chemical Substances
1
Communication & Training
1
Stigma & Discrimination
1
HIV
1
General Studies & Reports
1
Global
1
Rwanda
1
Vaccination
1
Adherence
1
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
1
Standard Precautions
1
TB & Other Vulnerable Populations
1
Human Rights
1
Advocacy
1
Drug resistance
1
Public Health
1
Training
1
Mental Health Studies & Reports
1
Workplace
1
Epilepsy
1
Mental Health Online Resources
1
Medical professionals
1
Topics
1
General
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Cannabis
1
Supporting tools
1
Research & Development
1
General
1
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
1
Online Courses & Resources
1
Poster & Infographics
1
Covid-19 & the One Health Approach
1
Covid-19 & Climate Change
1
For General Public & Community
1
Training, others
1
Faith-based Organizations
1
Prison & Detention
1
For Older People
1
Protection of Vulnerable Groups
1
Information for the Public
1
Child Protection
1
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS)
1
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
1
Children & Mental Health
1
Essential Medicines & Medical Devices
1
Mythbusters/Misinformation
1
Situation Reports COVID-19
1
At Home
1
Communication Material
1
Long-term Care Facilities
1
Ebola Treatment Center
1
Psychosocial Support
1
Presentation
1
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
1
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
1
Others
1
Studies & Reports
1
Online Resources
1
Patient Navigation
1
Ecuador
1
Planetary Health
1
Biodiversity shift
1
Reports
1
Clean air
1
Pharmaceutical Assessments
1
Pharmacy Practice
1
Supply Chain & Store Management
1
Quality Assurance
1
Guiding documents and principles
1
Humanitarian Crisis
1
Mental Disorders
1
Environment
1
General
1
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
1
Education Principles
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Information & Education Material (IEC)
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
NTDs General
1
Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis & other deep mycosis
One billion people around the world live with disabilities. This report makes the case that they are being “left behind” in the global community’s work on health. This lack of access not only violates the rights of people with disabilities under international law, but UHC and SDG 3 cannot be a...ttained without better health services for the one billion people with disabilities.more
For the Fiscal Year 2014-2015, the Health Sector continued to implement interventions and strategies meant to improve the availability, accessibility and utilization of quality healthcare services across public and private health facilities; and to ensure the reduction of the burden of communicable ...and non-communicable diseases in Rwanda. This annual report highlights key achievements registered by the health sector during the Fiscal Year 2014-2015. Achievements are highlighted under three big components: Health Programs, Health Systems Support and Budget Execution. more
The product of all this work is the Standard Treatment Guideline and Essential Medicines List of Common Medical Conditions in the Kingdom of Swaziland. These systematically developed statements are designed to assist practitioners in making decisions about appropriate treatment for specific clinical... conditions. They are meant to reflect expert consensus based on a review of current and published scientific evidence of acceptable approaches to diagnosis, man-agement, or prevention of specific conditions.It is enlightening to note that section A of the document contains the STG, and effort has been made to have the conditions commonly encountered in Swaziland classified according to systems. Written in simple, clear language, each section consists of a short definition followed by common symptoms and signs of the disease or condition and then management (pharmacological and nonpharmacological)more
My Child: 2 to 5 years is a free book from the HSE with advice to help you and your child from age 2 to 5. This edition has text in English with Arabic translation.
My Child: 2 to 5 years is a free book from the HSE with advice to help you and your child from age 2 to 5. This edition has text in English with Arabic translation.