Filter
1779
Filtered Results: 1779
Text search:
World
Health
Organization
WHO
and
World
Intellectual
Property
Organization
Featured
Recommendations
213
New Publications
384
Language
Document type
No document type
659
Studies & Reports
387
Guidelines
340
Manuals
193
Strategic & Response Plan
108
Training Material
52
Fact sheets
27
Situation Updates
7
Resource Platforms
3
Infographics
3
Countries / Regions
Global
144
India
34
Africa
29
South–East Asia Region
27
Western and Central Europe
27
Ukraine
26
Kenya
25
Uganda
23
Ethiopia
21
South Africa
20
Nepal
17
Ghana
16
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
16
Nigeria
14
Asia
14
Myanmar / Burma
13
Sierra Leone
12
West and Central Africa
12
East and Southern Africa
12
Bangladesh
12
Zambia
12
Syria
11
Malawi
11
Indonesia
11
Liberia
11
Cambodia
10
Tanzania
10
Rwanda
9
Middle East and North Africa
9
Western Pacific Region
8
Yemen
8
South Sudan
7
Lesotho
6
Afghanistan
6
Philippines
6
Eastern Europe
6
Somalia
6
Thailand
5
Cameroon
5
Zimbabwe
5
Guinea
5
Mozambique
5
Latin America and the Carribbean
5
Congo, Democratic Republic of
5
Pakistan
5
Haiti
4
Vietnam
4
Russia
4
Sudan
4
North Macedonia
3
Tajikistan
3
Kazakhstan
3
Iran
3
Laos
3
Burkina Faso
3
Jordan
3
Germany
3
Saudi Arabia
3
Lebanon
3
Colombia
2
Timor Leste/ East Timor
2
China
2
Kyrgyzstan
2
Peru
2
Venezuela
2
Lithuania
2
Côte d’Ivoire / Ivory Coast
2
Sri Lanka
2
Djibouti
2
Egypt
2
Palestine
2
Georgia
2
Angola
2
Botswana
2
Iraq
2
Ecuador
2
North Korea
1
Mexico
1
Serbia
1
Turkey
1
Chile
1
Albania
1
Canada
1
Senegal
1
Estonia
1
Uzbekistan
1
Morocco
1
Mongolia
1
Qatar
1
Bulgaria
1
Armenia
1
USA
1
Paraguay
1
Japan
1
Denmark
1
Mauritius
1
Tunisia
1
Azerbaijan
1
Belarus
1
Bolivia
1
Papua New Guinea
1
Brazil
1
Namibia
1
Greece
1
Mali
1
Chad
1
Libya
1
Bhutan
1
Eswatini/ Swaziland
1
Authors & Publishers
Publication Years
Category
Studies & Reports
90
Disabilities
69
Policies
65
Maternal Health
51
Guidelines
38
Drugs & Medical Equipment
37
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
36
Non-communicable Diseases
36
COVID-19
31
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
28
Pediatrics
25
Maternal & Child Health
23
Child Health
22
WASH
22
Countries
21
Community Health
21
TB
21
Disaster Preparedness
20
Humanitarian Crisis
20
Neonatal Care
19
Disease Prevention & Control
19
Hepatitis
18
Women & Child Health
18
General Guidelines
18
Health Systems
18
Age & Elderly
18
Under-5 nutrition
17
Water
17
Communicable Diseases
16
Primary Health Care
16
Statistics
15
Reproductive Health
15
Paediatrics
14
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
14
Food Security & Nutrition
14
Health System Strengthening
13
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
13
NTDs & Others
13
Global Health
13
Humanitarian Aid
12
Capacity Building
12
Quality Control & Assurance
12
HIV & STI
11
NCD
10
Malaria
10
Sanitation
9
Cancer
9
Palliative Care
9
Cardiovascular Diseases
9
Women & Child Health
9
Digital Health
8
Community Health
8
Medical Devices & Equipment
8
Mental Health
8
Parasitology
8
Bacteriology
7
Cervical Cancer
7
Cancer Treatment & Resources
7
Sexual Violence
7
Needs Assessment
7
Laboratory Quality Assurance
7
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
7
Vector Control
6
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
6
Public Health
6
Palliative Care
6
Protection & Security
6
Neurology & Psychology
6
Helminthiasis
5
Schistosomiasis
5
Lymphaticfilariasis
5
Monitoring & Evaluation
5
Virology
5
Child protection
5
Clinical Guidelines
5
Yellow Fever
5
Surgery & Anaesthesia
5
Pharmacy & Technologies
5
Dental & Eye Care
4
Pharmacy & Technology
4
General Guidelines
4
Training Manuals
4
Immunization
4
Leprosy
4
Leishmaniasis
4
Hygiene Promotion
4
Clinical Training
3
Family Planning
3
Buruli Ulcer
3
Diabetes
3
Maternal Health
3
Snakebites
3
Violence against Children
3
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
3
Respiratory Infections
3
Female Genital Mutilation
3
Rabies
2
Emergency Health Kits
2
Yaws
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Project Cycle Management
2
Trachoma
2
Taeniasis/ Cysticercosis
2
Gender
2
Onchocerciasis
2
Other Cancer diseases
2
Disabilities
2
Mental Health
2
IEC Material
2
Sex. & Repr. Rights
2
Humanitarian Aid
2
Pharmaceutical Assessments
2
Hemorrhagic Fever
2
Other
2
Communicable Diseases
2
Human African Trypanosomiasis
2
Disabilities & Inclusion
2
Key Resources
2
Public Health
1
Hematology
1
Online Courses & Platforms
1
Dermatology
1
Laboratory Waste
1
Breast Cancer
1
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
1
Water & Sanitation
1
Emergency Care
1
COVID-19
1
Diarrhoeal Disease/Cholera
1
Leprosy
1
Nutrition
1
Dengue
1
Laboratory Technologies
1
Radiology and Diagnostic
1
Toolboxes
Prevention & Control
32
Prevention & Preparedness
30
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
28
Public Health
26
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
25
Children with Disabilities
23
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
23
Education
22
General Reports
18
Training & Capacity Building
17
Children with disabilities
16
Human Rights
16
International
16
Country specific documents
16
Pediatrics
16
IPC
15
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
15
Detection & Diagnosis
15
ART Drug Resistance
14
Human Rights, Stigma & Discrimination
14
Policies
14
Drug resistant TB
14
Universal Health Coverage & Primary Health Care
14
Disability Rights & Convention
13
Surveillance
13
Treatment & Prevention
13
Guidelines & Manuals
13
Prevention & Strategies
13
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP), Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
13
Adults
12
Neurological Disorders
12
Community-based Mental Health Care
12
Clinical Guidelines
11
Universal Health Coverage UHC and 90-90-90 Strategy
11
Infection Control General
11
Access & Strategy
11
Fair Allocation & Ethical Aspects
11
Hygiene
11
General Information
11
Antiretroviral Treatment ART
11
Reports & Studies
11
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
10
Children & Adolescents
10
Handbooks & Manuals
10
Midwives
10
Nurses
10
Women & Maternal Health
10
General Information & Methodology
10
Global Overview
10
Self-harm & Suicide
10
SEAR (South-east Asia Region)
10
Intellectual Disability
9
HIV testing & services
9
Inclusion in Humanitarian Settings
9
Country specific
9
Training Manuals
9
General Studies & Reports
9
Appeals and Response Plans
9
Overview & reports
9
WASH Water Sanitation & Hygiene
9
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
9
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
9
Laboratory Guidance
8
Influenza Prevention & Control
8
Inclusion
8
Humanitarian Crisis
8
Studies & Reports
8
Sustainable Development Goals
8
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
8
Surveillance & Contact tracing
8
Essential Medicines & Medical Devices
8
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
8
Others
8
General documents One Health
8
Nuclear & Chemical Hazards
8
others
8
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
8
Assessment & Response
8
Policy
8
Research & Access
8
Alcohol
7
Policies & Strategies
7
Assessment & Studies
7
Opportunistic Infections
7
Policies & Programmes
7
mhGAP Guides
7
Global
7
Reports
7
Health Promotion
7
Community Health Workers CHW
7
Climate Change General
7
Essential Medicines
7
Mental Disorders
7
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
7
Women
7
Autism
7
Assistive devices & technologies
7
Tobacco
7
HIV service delivery
7
Neurological disorders, Others
7
War & Conflict
6
Global Mental Health
6
Inclusion
6
Concepts of Global Health
6
Videos & Online Courses
6
Health & Refugee
6
Supporting tools
6
Studies
6
Studies & Reports
6
Planetary Health
6
Essential Medicines & Devices Lists
6
Falsified & Substandard
6
Traditional & Herbal Medicines
6
Humanitarian Crisis
6
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
6
Overview, Studies & Reports
6
Asia
6
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
6
Capacity Building
6
Food & Nutrition
6
Capacity Building
6
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
5
Local Action
5
Surveillance
5
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
5
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
5
Substance Use Disorders, Others
5
Influenza
5
Treatment Guidelines HIV
5
General Mental Health Guidelines
5
Curricula & Core Competencies
5
Africa
5
Mental Health Guidelines
5
Toolkit on disability for Africa
5
Climate & Health
5
General
5
RCCE Guides & Manuals
5
Others
5
Self-care
5
Primary Care
5
Urban health
5
Quality Assurance
5
Rational use of Medicine
5
Strategies
5
Guiding documents and principles
5
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
5
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
5
Patient Safety
5
Studies & Reports
5
Assessment & Response
5
For Community Health Workers
5
Lobby and Advocacy
5
Global Health Financing
5
Depression
5
Childhood TB
4
Accessibility
4
Agriculture & Veterinary
4
Vaccines & Immunization
4
Clinical Aspects
4
Introduction to Global Health
4
Prevention Guidelines
4
Drug resistance
4
Others
4
Training
4
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
4
Children
4
Health Equity & Equality
4
Epilepsy
4
Manuals
4
Essential List
4
Context & Facts, Travel Advice
4
Human Rights
4
Child Protection
4
Child Protection
4
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
4
Coping with Stress
4
Communication Material
4
Psychosocial Support
4
Others
4
Sanitation
4
Palliative Care
4
Biodiversity shift
4
Reports
4
Food environments
4
Prices and Patents
4
Epilepsy
4
Environment
4
Zoonoses
4
Health Impact & Climate Change
4
Health Care In Conflict Settings
4
Humanitarian Aid Guidelines
4
Strategies & Roadmaps
4
Asia and Pacific
4
Policies and guidelines
4
Co-Morbidities (except TB)
4
Hearing Loss & Deafness
4
Human Rights & the Right to Health
4
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
4
Assessment & Response
4
Disaster Preparedness & Prevention
4
International
4
MHPSS Guidelines
4
HIV in Key Populations
4
Action Plans, Policies & Response
4
Eastern Europe and central Asia
4
Africa
3
Best Practice Models
3
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
3
Male Circumcision
3
Vaccination
3
HIV surveillance
3
Natural Disasters
3
For Project Management
3
Social Mobilisation
3
Latin America
3
Communication & Training
3
Mental Health
3
Prevention & Control
3
TB & Other Vulnerable Populations
3
Training Supporting Material mhGAP
3
Training
3
Mental Health Studies & Reports
3
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
3
Stress
3
Medical professionals
3
Laboratory
3
Treatment Guidelines
3
Situation Reports & Updates
3
Diagnostics & Laboratory Guidance
3
Covid-19 & the One Health Approach
3
Guidelines
3
Food and Nutrition
3
Sustainability
3
Paediatrics
3
HIV and COVID-19
3
Oxygen Therapy
3
Tips & Best Practice Examples
3
COVAX Initiative
3
Waste Management
3
Stress
3
Agriculture
3
Clean air
3
Pharmaceutical Assessments
3
Freshwater use
3
One Health
3
Agriculture incl. animal husbandry
3
Pharmacovigilance
3
Waste Managment
3
Reports & Studies
3
Ukraine
3
Situation Reports & Updates
3
Health Care Systems
3
General
3
General
3
Emergency health kits
3
MPOX - Monkeypox
3
Best Practice Examples
3
Studies & Reports
3
Studies & Reports
3
NTDs General
3
Vector control
3
Official Development Assistance
3
Health Financing Toolbox
3
General
3
Children's Rights
3
General
3
Mental disorders, others
3
Asia
3
Education of students & professionals
3
Vision Loss & Blindness
3
Clinical Guidelines
3
Assessment
3
Testing Guidelines
3
Guidelines CBR
3
Prisoners
3
Global Health Ethics
3
Drugs
2
Rapid Response
2
Violence & Child Trafficking
2
Biosafety
2
Meningitis Prevention & Control
2
HIV in Children and mental health
2
Europe
2
Policies & Strategies
2
Studies & Reports
2
Early Warning
2
Mental Health
2
Schizophrenia
2
Assessment & Response
2
Humanitarian Settings
2
Measures ICF/ Model Disability Survey
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Hepatitis
2
Eastern Europe
2
For Health Professionals
2
People who injecting Drugs
2
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
2
Advocacy
2
Laboratory & Sampling
2
Sexual Abuse
2
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
2
Public Health
2
For General Public & Community
2
Training, others
2
For Health Worker
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Prison & Detention
2
For Older People
2
Gender Aspects
2
Educational Settings
2
COVID-19
2
Encyclical Letters
2
General
2
MHPSS – Psychosocial Support
2
Mental Health
2
Blood Supply
2
Situation Reports COVID-19
2
Immunization Guidelines
2
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)
2
Logistics & Supply
2
TB/COVID-19
2
Long COVID/ Post-COVID Syndrome
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Ethics
2
Triage
2
Green & healthy living
2
Pharmacy Management
2
Pharmacy Practice
2
HIV &TB
2
Disaster, Migration and Conflict
2
Emergency health kits
2
MPOX -Monkeybox Prevention & Control
2
Appeals & Response Plans
2
Leishmaniasis
2
Studies & Reports
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Studies & Reports
2
Prevention & Control
2
Information & Education Material (IEC)
2
Snakebite envenoming
2
Yaws & other Endemic Treponematoses
2
Access to treatment and laboratory
2
Domestic Resource Mobilization
2
Prevention & Strategies
2
Studies & Reports
2
Prevention & Strategies
2
Poor Diet
2
War Surgery & Wound Care
2
Conflict
2
CBM Inclusive Project Cycle Management Training
2
Bipolar Affective Disorders
2
Protection
2
One Health
2
Disease Prevention & Control
2
TB/HIV Global
2
Prophylactic Treatment
2
AR (African Region)
2
Training
2
Dengue Prevention & Control
2
Stigma
2
Reports & Studies Children HIV
2
Preparedness & Prevention
2
Eastern Europe & Central Asia
2
Global Health Action
2
Studies & Reports
2
Urban Health
2
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
2
Communication & Training
2
Preparedness & Prevention
2
Public Health
1
Outbreak Prevention & Control
1
Gynaecology / Obstetrics
1
Behaviour Change/Life Skill Education
1
HIV support organizations
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Posttraumatic stress disorder Adults
1
Training
1
Ebola Prevention & Control
1
Communication & Training
1
Background PTSD in children
1
Chemical Attacks
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Dental Health
1
Yellow Fever
1
Yellow Fever Prevention & Control
1
Vector Control
1
Surgery & Rehabilitation
1
Physical Disability
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Ukraine
1
Context & Facts
1
WPRO (Western Pacific Region)
1
Plague
1
Interculturality
1
Children
1
Assessment & Response
1
Capacitiy Building
1
HIV testing & disclosure
1
Eating Disorders
1
Shelter & Reconstruction
1
Laboratory
1
Sexually Transmitted Infections
1
Surveillance
1
Stigma & Discrimination
1
El Niño
1
Cholera Prevention & Control
1
Latin America
1
Research
1
Ebola & Marburg
1
African Region
1
Ebola
1
Discrimination & Stigma
1
Syria
1
Drug resistance
1
Sitreps & Updates
1
Priority Assistive Products
1
Public Health
1
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
1
Information for different audiences
1
Women's Mental Health
1
Mental Health Online Resources
1
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
1
Research & Development
1
Health Personnel
1
Livestock production
1
COVID-19
1
Hand Hygiene
1
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
1
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
1
Covid-19 & Climate Change
1
COVID-19
1
For Pregnant Women
1
Faith-based Organizations
1
Country Specific
1
For Migrants & Refugees
1
Protection of Vulnerable Groups
1
Camps and Camp-like Settings
1
Social Ethics
1
Human Dignity
1
Option for the Poor
1
Physical Distancing
1
Pastoral Care
1
Medical & Community Masks
1
At Home
1
Vaccination & Strategy
1
COVID-19 Vaccination
1
Environmental NPIs
1
Long-term Care Facilities
1
TB/HIV
1
Genomic sequencing
1
Vaccine Hesitancy & Myths
1
Research & Pipeline
1
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
1
Standard precautions
1
Extreme Situations
1
Advocacy & Communication
1
Online Resources
1
Situation Reports& Updates
1
Mobility
1
Supply Chain & Store Management
1
Resuscitation
1
General Guidelines for Rational Use
1
Capacity Building
1
Health Consequences
1
Mental Health
1
Education Principles
1
Others
1
Ethics
1
Water Pollution
1
Heat
1
More Information Refugee and Health
1
MPOX - Monkeypox
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Information & Education Material (IEC)
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Policies & Strategies
1
Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
1
Health Worker
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
1
Air Pollution
1
Alcohol Consumption
1
Drug Abuse
1
Tobacco Consumption
1
Diagnosis
1
General
1
Cerebral Palsy
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Zika
1
Technical Information
1
Policies & Strategies
1
Community Worker
1
Malnutrition
1
Modules
1
Prevention
1
Nutrition
1
Roadmaps, Action Plans & Policies
1
IEC Materials Children
1
Disability (CBR)
1
Uganda
1
Stewardship
1
Latin America & the Carribean
1
General Public
1
TB/HIV Coinfection
1
Health Policy & the Global Health Landscape
1
Zika Prevention & Control
1
Anxiety Disorders
1
Global Health Institutions and Stakeholders
1
Psychosocial Support
1
Kazakhstan
1
Epidemiology
1
Best Practice Examples
1
Overview & Statistics
1
WASH
1
WASH
1
Communication Tools
1
TB
1
Planetary Health
1
War, Conflict Areas & Refugees
1
Psychosocial Support
1
Paediatrics
1
Infection Control
1
Planetary Health
1
Epidemiology
1
Chikungunya
1
Normative Dimensions of Global Health
1
Pregnant women
1
Key Resources
1
AMR
1
Germany
1
Meningitis & Encephalitis
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Public Health
1
Eastern and Southern Africa
1
Reproductive Health
1
Global Burden of Disease
1
Treatment & Clinical Management
1
Updates for the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) - Guideline.
As part of its response to the global epidemic of obesity, WHO has issued guidelines to support primary healthcare workers identify and manage children who are overweight or obese. Specifically, all infants and children ...
This document was designed to inform educators, amongst others, about enhancing the pre-service curriculum with mental health Gap Action Programme Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG) materials, which can provide future professionals with the theoretical and clinical knowledge they need to provide mental h...
Every year, an estimated 15 million babies are born preterm – before 37 weeks of pregnancy. That is more than 1 in 10 live births. Approximately 1 million children die each year worldwide due to complications from their early birth. Those that survive often face a lifetime of ill-health including ...
WHO Guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations
This guideline provides global, evidence-informed recommendations on the use of indicators for assessing a population’s
iron status and application of the use of ferritin concentrations for monitoring and evaluating iron interventions.
This Global Competency Standards sets the benchmark for the health workforce in providing equality of care to refugees and migrants. Refugee and migrant populations are highly diverse, with significant variation in life experiences, health needs and access to health care. The standards described out...
This Curriculum Guide accompanies the Refugee and Migrant Health: Global Competency Standards for Health Workers and the Knowledge Guide to support the operationalization of the Standards. The Curriculum Guide provides guidance for institutions, health organizations and individuals engaged in the ed...
The Knowledge Guide provides guidance on how health workers can apply the Standards to their own practice. For each of the nine competencies and their specific behaviours in the Standards, the Knowledge Guide examines in detail how a health worker's knowledge, skills and attitudes can reach the stat...
To support countries in adapting their response to different COVID-19 scenarios, the World Health
Organization (WHO) Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing commissioned this scoping review of published and grey literature. The objective was to identify interventions...
Community pharmacists are the health professionals most accessible to the public and are a cornerstone of primary health care. The role of community pharmacists is expanding globally. This report provides an overview of existing components and provisions of the legal and regulatory framework for com...
A sourcebook
The WHO Global strategy on human resources for health: workforce 2030 encourages development partners and global health initiatives to leverage their support to health systems in countries to sustainably strengthen the health workforce. To assess the impact of these investments, a methodology was de...
It summarizes guidance on how to manage – and when to refer – children and adolescents presenting with common complaints and conditions. It includes information to enable primary health care providers to coordinate the continued care of children and adolescents with long-term conditions and dise...
ndependent of the current conflict, the health sector in Ukraine faces several critical shortcomings. In particular, the country has an oversupply of hospitals and an undersupply of primary care and diagnostic facilities. Addressing these limitations will require substantial amounts of capital inves...
Driving progress towards rabies elimination: Results of Gavi’s Learning Agenda on rabies and new WHO position on rabies immunization
This report includes analysis from informal regional consultations in the African Region, the Caribbean and North America, Latin America, South-East Asia Region, European Region, Eastern Mediterranean Region, alongside three forums in the Western Pacific Region. It analyses the overarching similarit...
The standards define 10 key competencies for health and care workers to support self-care in their clinical practice as well as the specific, measurable behaviours that demonstrate those competencies, focusing on people-centredness; decision-making; effective communication; collaboration; evidence-i...
The knowledge guide is the second publication in the Self-care competency framework to support health and care workers.
This describes how health and care workers can apply each of the 10 competency standards in their work, detailing the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes that underpin the...
This guideline provides updated, evidence-informed guidance on the percentage of total fat in the diet to reduce the risk of unhealthy weight gain.
This guideline is intended for a wide audience involved in the development, design and implementation of policies and programmes in nutrition and pub...
The active participation and engagement of health and care workers (HCWs) in health emergency preparedness, readiness and response is crucial to support risk communication, community engagement and infodemic management (RCCE-IM) interventions during emergencies. HCWs hold unique position...
