Report of the third conference organized with ICONZ, DFID-RIU, Gates Foundation, SOS, EU, TDR and FAO with the participation of ILRI and OIE WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland 23–24 November 2010 In this report we have tried to present the various issues, problems and challenges that were discussed against the backdrop of the many inspiring control programmes that were presented. Again and again these programmes demonstrated how the NZDs are not so much re-emerging as rediscovered – once a concerted effort is made to fi nd and treat patients – and how both control and prevention rely on involving and inspiring the animal keeping communities where they prevail.