April 2022 Volume 35 Issue 2 e00152-21
Population movements have turned Chagas disease (CD) into a global public health problem. Despite the successful implementation of subregional initiatives to control vectorial and transfusional Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Latin American settings where t...he disease is endemic, congenital CD (cCD) remains a significant challenge. In countries where the disease is not endemic, vertical transmission plays a key role in CD expansion and is the main focus of its control. Although several health organizations provide general protocols for cCD control, its management in each geopolitical region depends on local authorities, which has resulted in a multitude of approaches. The aims of this review are to (i) describe the current global situation in CD management, with emphasis on congenital infection, and (ii) summarize the spectrum of available strategies, both official and unofficial, for cCD prevention and control in countries of endemicity and nonendemicity. From an economic point of view, the early detection and treatment of cCD are cost-effective. However, in countries where the disease is not endemic, national health policies for cCD control are nonexistent, and official regional protocols are scarce and restricted to Europe. Countries of endemicity have more protocols in place, but the implementation of diagnostic methods is hampered by economic constraints. Moreover, most protocols in both countries where the disease is endemic and those where it is not endemic have yet to incorporate recently developed technologies. The wide methodological diversity in cCD diagnostic algorithms reflects the lack of a consensus. This review may represent a first step toward the development of a common strategy, which will require the collaboration of health organizations, governments, and experts in the field.
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Fascioliasis is an animal parasitic disease (in cattle and sheep, but also pigs, donkeys, Llamas and alpacas that can be transmitted to humans. The infection is caught when aquatic or semi-aquatic plants with the larvae of the worm attached to their stem or leaves are ingested raw or poorly cooked. ...Once in the human body, the worm lodges itself in the main bile ducts and is responsible for severe morbidity. Endemic areas are distributed globally, but some of the most affected communities are found in the Andean highlands of South America. Triclabendazole is the only drug recommended for prevention and treatment and is provided free-of-charge to endemic countries through WHO. It can be distributed in mass interventions when clusters of cases are detected.
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All lyssaviruses have evolved closely with distinct natural reservoir hosts. The latter are animals species in which a pathogen of an infectious disease are maintained independently. For lyssaviruses, these are a wide range of mammalian species within the Carnivora and Chiroptera (bats) orders with ...a global distribution.
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Datos y cifras
Se calcula que en el mundo hay entre 6 y 7 millones de personas infectadas por el Trypanosoma cruzi, el parásito causante de la enfermedad de Chagas, la mayoría de ellas en América Latina.
La infección por Trypanosoma cruzi se puede curar si el tratamiento se administra al poco ...tiempo de producirse la infección.
Hasta un 30% de los enfermos crónicos presentan alteraciones cardíacas y hasta un 10% padecen alteraciones digestivas, neurológicas o combinadas que pueden requerir un tratamiento específico.
El control de vectores y otras estrategias destinadas a reducir la transmisión que estos producen son los métodos más útiles para prevenir la enfermedad de Chagas en América Latina.
Los análisis de sangre son fundamentales para prevenir la infección por transfusiones o trasplantes de órganos en todo el mundo.
La detección y el tratamiento de niñas infectadas y mujeres infectadas en edad fértil es clave, además del cribado de los recién nacidos y otros hijos de madres infectadas que no hayan recibido antes tratamiento antiparasitario.
La enfermedad de Chagas, también llamada tripanosomiasis americana, es una enfermedad potencialmente mortal causada por el parásito protozoo Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi).
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High prevalence of target diseases in rural and developing nations, increased prevalence of malnutrition across the globe, lack of hygiene and poor sanitation facilities, Migratory patterns of population, introduction of new chemical entity in the field of therapeutics, favorable government regulati...ons, and increased R&D investments are key factors contributing to high CAGR of point of care diagnostics market during the forecast period.
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Progress towards achieving the Roadmap targets for control and elimination of the Neglected Tropical Diseases.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease caused by infection with a vector-borne protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania spp. The parasite is transmitted by the bite of an infected phlebotomine sand fly. Infection results in skin lesions which take a long time to heal and may leave per...manent, disfiguring scars (de Vries et al. 2015). CL is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), and in common with several other NTDs, is associated with psychosocial effects including stigma, social exclusion, and declining mental health (Bailey et al. 2019; Bennis et al. 2018; Wenning et al. 2022). Emerging evidence suggests that people with CL are at a higher risk of experiencing anxiety, depression, decreased body satisfaction, loss of social status, and lower quality of life (Bennis et al. 2018; Yanik et al. 2004). The global mean age-standardised disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost by CL was 0.58 per 100,000 people (Karimkhani et al. 2016). Notably, this statistic only considers the physical effects of the lesions and does not account for the potentially considerable psychological and social effects of CL (Bailey et al. 2017; Bailey et al. 2019; Wenning et al. 2022).
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Rabies is a devastating and societally important zoonotic disease, which is transmitted principally to humans through the bite of infected dogs. This acute, progressive viral encephalitis has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease and kills tens of thousands of people annually, with chi...ldren and impoverished communities being affected disproportionately.
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La dracunculose est rarement mortelle, mais les personnes touchées peuvent souffrir d’invalidité pendant plusieurs semaines, voire plusieurs mois. La maladie sévit dans des communautés rurales défavorisées et isolées qui sont essentiellement tributaires de points d’eau stagnante superfici...els non aménagés, comme des étangs, pour s’approvisionner en eau de boisson.
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Overview
The aim of this guide is to support national immunization programme managers and others responsible for implementing human rabies vaccine programmes to:
inform policy discussions and operational planning for introducing or expanding rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) into a nationa...l immunization programme (e.g. through the national immunization programme, or other programmes); and
highlight considerations specific to rabies PEP for integration into existing systems, including for implementation, and monitoring and evaluation.
While the guide is mainly intended for programme managers and focuses on human vaccination, complementary animal health measures are highlighted where relevant given the zoonotic nature of rabies.
The guide was developed collaboratively with input from technical experts in rabies and immunization, vaccines and biologicals.
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Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis is a deadly infectious disease affecting West and Central Africa, South Sudan and Uganda, and transmitted between humans by tsetse flies. The disease has caused several major epidemics, the latest one in the 1990s. Thanks to recent innovations such as rapid di...agnostic tests for population screening, a single-dose oral treatment and a highly efficient vector control strategy, interruption of transmission of the causative parasite is now within reach. If indeed gHAT has an exclusively human reservoir, this could even result in eradication of the disease. Even if there were an animal reservoir, on the basis of epidemiological data, it plays a limited role. Maintaining adequate postelimination surveillance in known historic foci, using the newly developed tools, should be sufficient to prevent any future resurgence.
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More countries eliminate human African trypanosomiasis as a public health problem: Benin and Uganda (gambiense form) and Rwanda (rhodesiense form)
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa, is a life-threatening disease that afflict...s poor rural populations. It is caused by trypanosome parasites of 2 subspecies: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in West and Central Africa, and T. b. rhodesiense in East Africa.
HAT transmission can be reduced and interrupted by deploying and maintaining capacities for testing people at risk in order to detect and treat cases, and by controlling tsetse populations that are in contact with humans.
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Education and information about Chagas Disease epidemiology and risk factors.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected infectious endemic disease that is transmitted through the bite of a vector insect (sandfly) of the Lutzomyia genus,typical of rural geographical territories, and causes disfiguring skin ulcers and disabilities. It is estimated that CL affects between 600 ...000 and 1 000 000 people a year around the world, mainly in the America s, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Central Asia. Eighteen of the 21 countries that make up the Latin American (LA) region are considered endemic areas for this neglected tropical disease. Colombia is one of the countries that reports the majority of global cases with 6161 in 2020 and has the second highest number of cases in the Americas, after Brazil.
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A parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of tapeworms in the Echinococcus.
The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years. The symptoms depend on the cyst's location and size.
Alveolar disease usually begins in the liver, but can spread to other parts of the body, such... as the lungs or brain.
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Die Infektion wird durch nachtaktive, blutsaugende Raubwanzen übertragen. Während des Blutsaugens scheiden die infizierten Wanzen Trypanosomen aus, die Bindehaut, Schleimhäute, Abschürfungen und Hautverletzungen einschließlich der Bißwunde kontaminieren können. Die Übertragung kann auch durc...h Bluttransfusion erfolgen, wenn das Blut von einem infizierten Spender stammt. Auch kongenitale Infektionen, verursacht durch Parasiten, die während der Schwangerschaft die Plazenta passieren, sind möglich. Der Erreger, Trypanosoma cruzi, infiziert viele Spezies.
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About a year after infection, a painful blister forms – 90% of the time on the lower leg – and one or more worms emerge accompanied by a burning sensation. To soothe the burning pain, patients often immerse the infected part of the body in water. The worm(s) then releases thousands of larvae (ba...by worms) into the water. These larvae reach the infective stage after being ingested by tiny crustaceans or copepods, also called water fleas.
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Echinococcosis, or hydatid disease, is an infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus, a tiny tapeworm just a few millimetres long. Five species of Echinococcus have been identified which infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Echinococcosis is a zoonosis, a disease of animals... that affects humans.
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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a wide variety of parasite species, reservoirs, and vectors involved in transmission. It is caused by different species of the protozoa Leishmania and is transmitted to animals and humans through a bite of insects in the Psychodidae family. Its presence i...s directly linked to poverty, but social, environmental, and climatalogic factors directly influence the disease's epidemiology.
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حقائق رئيسية
الداء العليقي هو مرض مزمن مشِّوه وموهِّن من أمراض الأطفال المعدية.
يصيب هذا المرض الجلد والعظام والغضاريف. ويُعتقد في الوقت الحالي أن الإنسان هو المست...ودع الوحيد لهذا المرض الذي ينتقل من شخص إلى آخر.
يعالج الداء العليقي بجرعة فموية واحدة من مضاد حيوي رخيص يسمى أزيثروميسين.
يوجد حالياً 15 بلداً يُعرف أنه موطون بالداء العليقي.
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