A parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of tapeworms in the Echinococcus.
The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years. The symptoms depend on the cyst's location and size.
Alveolar disease usually begins in the liver, but can spread to other parts of the body, such... as the lungs or brain.
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Die Infektion wird durch nachtaktive, blutsaugende Raubwanzen übertragen. Während des Blutsaugens scheiden die infizierten Wanzen Trypanosomen aus, die Bindehaut, Schleimhäute, Abschürfungen und Hautverletzungen einschließlich der Bißwunde kontaminieren können. Die Übertragung kann auch durc...h Bluttransfusion erfolgen, wenn das Blut von einem infizierten Spender stammt. Auch kongenitale Infektionen, verursacht durch Parasiten, die während der Schwangerschaft die Plazenta passieren, sind möglich. Der Erreger, Trypanosoma cruzi, infiziert viele Spezies.
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About a year after infection, a painful blister forms – 90% of the time on the lower leg – and one or more worms emerge accompanied by a burning sensation. To soothe the burning pain, patients often immerse the infected part of the body in water. The worm(s) then releases thousands of larvae (ba...by worms) into the water. These larvae reach the infective stage after being ingested by tiny crustaceans or copepods, also called water fleas.
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Echinococcosis, or hydatid disease, is an infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus, a tiny tapeworm just a few millimetres long. Five species of Echinococcus have been identified which infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Echinococcosis is a zoonosis, a disease of animals... that affects humans.
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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a wide variety of parasite species, reservoirs, and vectors involved in transmission. It is caused by different species of the protozoa Leishmania and is transmitted to animals and humans through a bite of insects in the Psychodidae family. Its presence i...s directly linked to poverty, but social, environmental, and climatalogic factors directly influence the disease's epidemiology.
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حقائق رئيسية
الداء العليقي هو مرض مزمن مشِّوه وموهِّن من أمراض الأطفال المعدية.
يصيب هذا المرض الجلد والعظام والغضاريف. ويُعتقد في الوقت الحالي أن الإنسان هو المست...ودع الوحيد لهذا المرض الذي ينتقل من شخص إلى آخر.
يعالج الداء العليقي بجرعة فموية واحدة من مضاد حيوي رخيص يسمى أزيثروميسين.
يوجد حالياً 15 بلداً يُعرف أنه موطون بالداء العليقي.
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La dracunculosis rara vez es mortal, pero las personas infectadas quedan incapacitadas durante semanas o meses. Afecta a personas de comunidades rurales, desfavorecidas y aisladas que para beber dependen principalmente de fuentes superficiales abiertas en que el agua se estanca, como charcas o estan...ques.
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In 2009, WHO’s Second International Conference on Buruli Ulcer Control and Research resolved to strengthen the capacity of national laboratories to confirm cases of the disease, but advised that “efforts are still needed to develop simple diagnostic tools usable in the field as well as disabilit...y prevention methods”.
In 2013, WHO and the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics convened a meeting of Buruli ulcer experts in Geneva, Switzerland (9) at which two priority unmet needs in diagnosis were identified:
a diagnostic test for early detection of Buruli ulcer in symptomatic patients with sufficient positive predictive value to put patients on appropriate treatment; and
a screening test at the primary health care or community level for symptomatic patients with ulcer
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BMJ Glob Health 2017;2:e000345. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000345. WHO's 2020 milestones for Chagas disease include having all endemic Latin American countries certified with no intradomiciliary Trypanosoma cruzi transmission, and infected patients under care. Evaluating the variation in historical expo...sure to infection is crucial for assessing progress and for understanding the priorities to achieve these milestones.
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Yaws forms part of a group of chronic bacterial infections commonly known as the endemic treponematoses. These diseases are caused by spiral bacteria of the genus Treponema, which also includes endemic syphilis (bejel) and pinta. Yaws is the most common of these three infections.
Yaws, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of the skin caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, is targeted in the latest WHO NTD Roadmap for eradication by 2030. In January, 2022, WHO published a manual that outlines the key activities that Ministries of Health in endemic count...ries should undertake to achieve this goal. The aim of the manual is to provide guidance on surveillance and evaluation of yaws as programmes progress towards eradication. However, yaws eradication in Africa faces several challenges.
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We developed an integrated vector surveillance (IVS) proposal for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas, based on eco-epidemiological studies conducted by researchers of the Leishmaniasis Research Network of Argentina. For CL, the transmission was explained in ...the framework of the edge effect, the increase of vectors and risk of exposure at ecotones and environmental interfaces, and typified as ephemeral, transient, or permanent edges, supporting a cost-effective IVS strategy for early warning of CL outbreaks through an environmental modification alert network, which includes multiple sources of information and actors. In relation to VL, the earliest colonization sites and spatial distribution were explained by modeling and forecasting the most likely hotspots, persistent in time and space, and modulated by environmental variables. Therefore, for VL, a scalar strategy of critical site selection is proposed from a “city” scale based on secondary sources such as remote sensing for the definition of possible areas to monitor and intervene, a scale of restriction from possible to most likely areas through local knowledge, and a “focal site” scale of trap placement through field observation; in this way, IVS activities are carried out at a few sites of the urban landscape and allow a sustainable program.
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Leishmaniasis is a complex vector-borne disease involving in its transmission several species of protozoan parasites called Leishmania, a wide variety of animal reservoirs and phlebotomine sandflies vectors. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of the disease, and its clinical manife...stations vary from few papules to multiple ulcers affecting the skin but also the mucous membranes, leaving permanent scars and serious disability. It is a disfiguring and stigmatizing disease that often has a devastating psychosocial and economic impact on the affected resources limited communities.
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Snakebite envenoming affects millions of people worldwide annually and is a significant source of mortality. Preventing and treating the problem is complex and requires collaboration among the fields of public health, medicine, ecology, and laboratory science. After being removed from the category A... neglected tropical disease (NTD) list in 2013, snakebite envenoming was reinstated in 2017 in response to antivenom shortages and advocacy from researchers and international NGOs. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) set a target to halve the number of deaths and cases of snakebite envenoming by 2030.
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Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease. It occurs in some of the poorest populations with limited access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare, and is the leading cause of blindness in the world. Based on 2020 data, it is estimated that 137 million people are at risk of trachoma in 44 endemic... countries.
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Trachoma is a bacterial eye infection found in poor, isolated communities lacking basic hygiene, clean water, and adequate sanitation.
Course information
Yaws is targeted for eradication by WHO in the 2021-2030 NTD Roadmap. It is therefore crucial to know how to identify cases, design and implement activities to eradicate the disease at the community level.
In the context of integration of skin NTDs it is vital to learn to recogn...ize a disease targeted for eradication. At the individual level yaws lesions may mimic other skin diseases. At the community level, it is key to know how to design and implement the total community treatment strategy and monitor its impact. This course aims at providing health workers with the basic knowledge to understand the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, impact, eradication strategy and reporting of yaws.
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For more than 100 years, the clearest route to elimination of dog-mediated rabies has been via mass vaccination of the animal hosts. It’s worked in plenty of countries. Still, in others, like India, which grapples with a third of the world’s rabies burden, large populations of free-roaming, hard...-to-track, often hard-to-reach dogs have made elimination an elusive goal.
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