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Guidelines on second- and third-line medicines and type of insulin for the control of blood glucose levels in non-pregnant adults with diabetes mellitus - World Health Organization

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

Diabetes mellitus (hereafter referred to as diabetes) is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Diabetes can lead to complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature death, and can damage eyes, kidneys and nerves. Globally, more than 400 millio... more

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West & Central Africa HIV catch-up - WHO in an era of transformation

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

The Transformation Agenda (TA) ushered in an ambitious reform process intended to transform the World Health Organization (WHO) into an organization that is proactive, results-driven, accountable and which meets stakeholder expectations, towards transforming and improving public health services in t... more

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Pollution and the Heart

Rajagopalan, S.; Landrigan, P.J. The New England Journal of Medicine (2021) CC

Cardiovascular diseases are the world’s leading cause of disability and death. Such diseases were responsible in 2019 for an estimated 18.6 million deaths globally and 957,000 deaths in the United States.

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Mozambique: Cyclone Idai & Floods Flash Update No. 15, 01 April 2019

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2019) C2

The official death toll has risen to 518 people as of 1 April, according to the Government. • More than 1,000 cases of cholera and one death have been reported. • Nearly 110,000 houses have been identified by the authorities as totally destroyed (59,910), partially destroyed (33,925) or floode... more

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Ethiopia - National Cholera Control Operational Plan 2022/23

Government of Ethiopia (2023) CC

Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera. The infection primarily spreads through contaminated water and food. Symptoms include the onset of acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, muscle cramps, and body weakness. If untreated, the infection can result in rapid dehydration and ... more

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Can we prevent cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries?

Lenfant, C. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2001) C_WHO

The article "Can we prevent cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries?" by Claude Lenfant discusses the growing threat of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing countries. It highlights that while CVD is already the leading cause of death globally, low- and middle-income coun... more

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Antimicrobials use, reistance and containment baseline survey (Ethiopia)

Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia , et al. (2009) C1

Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a result of the use, overuse and misuse of antibiotics both in humans and animals. In Ethiopia, there are indications on the misuse of antibiotics by health care providers’, unskilled practitioners, and drug consumers. These coupled with rapid spread of res... more

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Guide for the Medical, Veterinary and allied Professions

Bishop, G.; Durrheim, D.; Kloeck, P. et al. Department: Agriculture, Foresty and Fisheries - Republic of South Africa (2010) CC

Rabies is a disease of animals but too often the outcome is gauged in terms of human suffering and death. Despite this, in areas of the world where rabies is endemic there is often a lack of communication between veterinary and medical professionals, to the extent that the disease continues to thri... more

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Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World

Institute of Medicine (2010) CC

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is often thought to be a problem of wealthy, industrialized nations. The term “cardiovascular disease” is used throughout the report to refer to cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral vascular disease. The report’s main focus is ... more

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FAO's three-month response plan to Hurricane Matthew in Haiti

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) C1

On 3 October 2016, Category 4 Hurricane Matthew cut a path of destruction across the Republic of Haiti. Its devastating winds and heavy rainfall caused widespread damage in the southwest of the country. The most affected departments are Grande-Anse, Sud, Sud-Est and Nippes. The death toll in the cou... more

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The Road to 2030 - Advocacy brief: Progress and challenges

WHO Team Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases WHO (2022) C_WHO

In January 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a new road map to address the burden of disease and death imposed by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The end of the first year of the 2021-2030 NTD road map is an opportunity to take stock of where we stand and how we plan to move fo... more

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Influencing food environments for healthy diets

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO (2016) C2

Food environments are usually defined as the settings with all the different types of food made available and accessible to people as they go about their daily lives. That is, the range of food in supermarkets, small retail outlets, wet markets, street food stalls, coffee shops, tea houses, s...chool canteens, restaurants, and all the other venues where people buy and eat food. These environments differ enormously depending on the context. They can be extensive and diverse, with a seemingly endless array of options and price ranges, or they can be sparse, with very few options on offer. Because they determine what food consumers can access at a given moment in time, at what price, and with what degree of convenience, food environments both constrain and prompt the consumer’s choice.Food environments are influenced by the food systems which supply them, and vice versa. Food systems encompass the entire range of activities, people and institutions involved in the production, processing, marketing, consumption and disposal of food (FAO, 2013). They include but are not limited to food supply chains. Making food systems nutrition-sensitive can contribute to addressing all forms of malnutrition, as food systems determine whether the food needed for good nutrition are available, affordable, acceptable and of adequate quantity and quality. How closely food systems and food environments are interrelated and interdependent, and the degree to which external factors affect nutrition outcomes, varies from setting to setting.Many of today’s food systems and food environments are challenged in supporting consumer choices that are consistent with healthy diets and good nutrition. Consumers are not making choices based on nutrition and health, and poor diet is now the number one risk factor for death and disability worldwide (GBD, 2015). Food systems that do not enable healthy diets are increasingly recognized as an underlying cause of malnutrition (GLOPAN, 2016), and malnutrition, irrespective of form, has a huge cost. Economic costs associated with undernutrition are estimated at $1-2 trillion per year, about 2-3% of global GDP (FAO, 2013); the global economic cost of obesity and associated diet-related non-communicable diseases is estimated at $2 trillion per year, about 2.8% of global GDP (McKinsey, 2014). Influencing food environments for promoting healthy diets is an emerging strategy to address today’s nutrition challenges. more

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Violence and injuries in Europe: burden, prevention and priorities for action

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe (2020) C_WHO

The WHO Global Health Estimates show that nearly half a million deaths (493 471) occurred in the WHO European Region due to violence and injuries in 2016. This represents a decline of 29% from 2000. Injuries account for 5.3% of all deaths and 9.6 of all years of life lost. They are a leading cause o... more

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Key facts - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. - An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. - Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- an... more

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Perinatal mortality audit: North Macedonia 2019

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

The purpose of the review was to assign a cause of death, to ascertain the fac-tors that contributed to the death and to identify any systemic issues that could be addressed to prevent future similar deaths. The perinatal mortality audit process in 2019 provided important insights and evidence-based... more

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Medical certification, ICD mortality coding, and reporting mortality associated with COVID-19

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C1

This technical note describes medical certification of cause of death and classification (International Classification of Diseases [ICD] mortality coding) of deaths related to COVID-19. The primary goal is to identify all deaths due to COVID-19 in all countries, including those not yet following WHO... more

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact Sheet

African Health Organisation (2020) CC

CVDs are the number 1 cause of death globally: more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cauAn estimated 17.5 m

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Rapid communication on systematic screening for tuberculosis

World Health Organization WHO (2020) CC

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent even if is largely curable and preventable. In 2019 an estimated 2.9 million of the 10 million people who fell ill with TB were not diagnosed or reported to the World Health Organization1. The Politi... more

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Major Infectious Diseases. Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition : Volume 6

Holmes, King K.; Bertozzi, Stefano; Bloom, Barry R.; Jha, Prabhat World Bank (2017) CC

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective pack... more

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Rotavirus: Common, Severe, Devastating, Preventable

The ROTA Council (2016) C1

Diarrhea is one of the world’s leading causes of child illness and death, and rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea. Yet it can be prevented and treated. There is a vaccine. And while hundreds of thousands of children in India will gain access to rotavirus vaccines -part of a natio... more