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Qualitative assessment of community health workers’ perspective on their motivation in community-based primary health care in rural Malawi

Ndambo, M.K.; Munyaneza, F.; Aron, M.B. et al. BMC Health Services Research (2022) CC

Background: Community Health Workers (CHWs) have a positive impact on the provision of community-based primary health care through screening, treatment, referral, psychosocial support, and accompaniment. With a broad scope of work, CHW programs must balance the breadth and depth of tasks to mainta...in CHW motivation for high-quality care delivery. Few studies have described the CHW perspective on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enhance their programmatic activities. Methods: We utilized an exploratory qualitative study design with CHWs employed in the household model in Neno District, Malawi, to explore their perspectives on intrinsic and extrinsic motivators and dissatisfiers in their work. Data was collected in 8 focus group discussions with 90 CHWs in October 2018 and March–April 2019 in seven purposively selected catchment areas. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using Dedoose. Results: Themes of complex intrinsic and extrinsic factors were generated from the perspectives of the CHWs in the focus group discussions. Study results indicate that enabling factors are primarily intrinsic factors such as positive patient outcomes, community respect, and recognition by the formal health care system but can lead to the chal- lenge of increased scope and workload. Extrinsic factors can provide challenges, including an increased scope and workload from original expectations, lack of resources to utilize in their work, and rugged geography. However, a posi- tive work environment through supportive relationships between CHWs and supervisors enables the CHWs. Conclusion: This study demonstrated enabling factors and challenges for CHW performance from their perspec- tive within the dual-factor theory. We can mitigate challenges through focused efforts to limit geographical distance, manage workload, and strengthen CHW support to reinforce their recognition and trust. Such programmatic empha- sis can focus on enhancing motivational factors found in this study to improve the CHWs’ experience in their role. The engagement of CHWs, the communities, and the formal health care system is critical to improving the care provided to the patients and communities, along with building supportive systems to recognize the work done by CHWs for the primary health care systems. more

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Community health worker models in South Africa: a qualitative study on policy implementation of the 2018/19 revised framework

Murphy, J.P.; A. Moolla, S. Kgowedi et al. Health Policy and Planning (2020) C1

South Africa has a long history of community health workers (CHWs). It has been a journey that has required balancing constrained resources and competing priorities. CHWs form a bridge between communities and healthcare service provision within health facilities and act as the cornerstone of South A... more

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WHO Pharmaceutical Situation Assessment – Level II – Health Facilities Services Ghana

Daniel Kojo Arhinful Ministry of Health, Ghana (2009) C1

This field study to assess the pharmaceutical situation was undertaken in Ghana in May-June 2008 using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization. The study assessed medicines availability and affordability, geographical accessibility, quality and r... more

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Inclusion of Older People in Emergency Planning: Perspectives During and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Throughout the Americas, populations are aging and the Region is undergoing a rapid demographic transition. The aging index, which reflects the size of the older age groups per 100 compared to children under age 15, clearly demonstrates the increase in people aged 60 and older. Compared to global tr... more

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Global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies. Report

World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

Rabies remains an under-reported neglected zoonosis with a case-fatality rate of almost 100% in humans and animals. Dog-mediated human rabies causes tens of thousands of human deaths annually despite being 100% preventable. More than 95% of human cases are caused by the bite of a rabies-infected dog... more

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State of inequality: HIV, tuberculosis and malaria.

World Health Organization WHO; Global Fund (2021) C_WHO

The World Health Organization and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria are part of a group of agencies working together to accelerate progress towards the health-related SDGs through the Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-being for All. Understanding patterns of inequal... more

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Interruption of transmission and elimination of leprosy disease - Technical guidance

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

This document provides technical guidance on concepts, definitions, indicators, criteria, milestones and tools to assist leprosy programmes in their journey towards the goals of interruption of transmission and elimination of leprosy disease and through the post-elimination period. Importantly, it p... more

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Report of the first WHO stakeholders meeting on gambiense human African trypanosomiasis elimination

World Health Organization WHO (2014) C_WHO

The objectives of the meeting were: 1. To step up the commitment of national authorities and technical and financial partners toWHO’s elimination objective for g-HAT. 2. To share achievements, challenges and views on the elimination goal among countries and implementing partners. 3. To assess t... more

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WHO recommends countries move away from the use of western blotting and line immunoassays in HIV testing strategies and algorithms. Policy brief

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

WHO recommends replacing western blotting and line immunoassays with simpler tests in HIV testing services. These simpler tests include rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that can be used at the point-of-care, and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). These tests get results to the client faster, produce accura... more

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Sustainable management of radiotherapy facilities and equipment

World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

The document, "Sustainable Management of Radiotherapy Facilities and Equipment," by WHO and IAEA, provides guidelines for managing radiotherapy equipment and facilities to ensure effective and safe cancer treatment. It covers essential aspects like preventive and corrective maintenance, funding, inf... more

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Quality of stroke guidelines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Yaria, J.; Gil, A.; Makanjuola, A. et al. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2021) C_WHO

Objective: To identify gaps in national stroke guidelines that could be bridged to enhance the quality of stroke care services in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We systematically searched medical databases and websites of medical societies and contacted international organizations. Co... more

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Governance for the validation of elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B virus:

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

An overview of validation structures and responsibilities at national, regional and global levels. This governance document supplements the global guidance document. Validation of elimination requires rigorous assessment at the national, regional and global levels of the impact and process indicato... more

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Quality of care in fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable settings: taking action

World Health Organization WHO (2020) CC

In fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable settings, delivery of quality health services faces significant challenges, including disruption of a routine health service organization and delivery systems, increased health needs, complex and unpredictable resourcing issues, and vulnerability to multi... more

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Baseline assessment of community based TB services in 8 WHO ENGAGE-TB priority countries

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

This document contains a series of desk reviews for the eight ENGAGE-TB priority countries supported by the Global Fund (DRC, Kenya, Indonesia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan and Tanzania). The document provides a situation assessment and gap analysis about the state of community based TB ac... more

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Adolescent HIV Care and Treatment: A Training Curriculum for Health Workers (Zambia) Trainer Manual

ICAP; CDC; University Teaching Hospital,; Ministry of Health, Zambia, et al. (2011) C1

A Training Curriculum for Multidisciplinary Healthcare Teams. This innovative training package aims to empower multidisciplinary health workers to have the confidence and skills to provide comprehensive, youth-friendly HIV services that support adolescents’ healthy development, psychosocial well b... more

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Interim Guidelines on Management of COVID-19 in Kenya - COVID-19, Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and Case Management

Dr. P. Amoth; Dr. S. K. Kibias Ministry of Health; University of Nairobi (2020) C2

Accessed: 02.05.2020 These consolidated guidelines provide recommendations for comprehensive prevention and case management strategies in Kenya Scope of the Guidelines: Infection prevention and control Patient triage Emergency Medical Services Case management Laboratory testing algorithm Target... more

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Report of the first WHO stakeholders meeting on rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis Geneva, 20–22 October 2014

World Health Organization WHO (2014) C_WHO

The objectives of the meeting were: 1. To update the current status of the disease transmission, country capacities and plans for tackling the disease. 2. To understand the epidemiology including disease distribution and risk, the models for estimating under-detection, the geographical variati... more

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Perspectives on Underlying Factors for Unhealthy Diet and Sedentary Lifestyle of Adolescents at a Kenyan Coastal Setting

Ssewanyana, D.; Abubakar, A.; Van Baar, A. et al. Frontiers in Public Health (2018) CC

The article explores the underlying factors influencing unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles among adolescents in Kilifi County, Kenya. Using a qualitative approach, the study involved interviews and focus group discussions with adolescents, stakeholders, and young adults. Key findings include a... more

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International Technical and Programmatic Guidance on Out-of-School Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE)

UNFPA; World Health Organization WHO, UNICEF; et al. (2020) C_WHO

An evidence-informed approach for non-formal, out-of-school CSE programmes that aims to reach young people from left-behind populations This guidance is intended to assist anyone designing and/or implementing CSE in out-of-school settings, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This includ... more

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simple definitions for keywords about blood-borne viruses and sexual health

Multicultural Health & Support Service (2015) C2

The BBV/STI Glossary is a resource for interpreters, translators and others who work in a health setting. It offers an extensive list of English terms related to sexual health and blood-borne viruses (such as hepatitis), with easy to understand definitions. Accessed 13th of November 2015.