Filter
1540
Filtered Results: 1540
Text search:
TRIPS
Featured
Recommendations
156
New Publications
352
Language
Document type
No document type
847
Guidelines
181
Studies & Reports
149
Manuals
133
Training Material
71
Fact sheets
49
Infographics
40
Strategic & Response Plan
27
Brochures
16
Situation Updates
10
Resource Platforms
9
Videos
5
Online Courses
3
Countries / Regions
India
84
Global
55
Kenya
34
Ethiopia
26
Myanmar / Burma
26
South Africa
25
Liberia
25
Nigeria
23
Uganda
23
Russia
22
Western and Central Europe
21
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
20
Sierra Leone
19
Philippines
19
Nepal
18
Tanzania
18
Zambia
18
Germany
17
Syria
15
Ukraine
14
Rwanda
14
Ghana
13
Eastern Europe
13
Indonesia
13
Asia
12
Lebanon
12
Bangladesh
12
South–East Asia Region
11
Malawi
9
Africa
9
Cambodia
9
Latin America and the Carribbean
9
Namibia
9
Botswana
9
Mozambique
8
Congo, Democratic Republic of
8
Lesotho
7
Venezuela
7
South Sudan
7
Thailand
6
Guinea
6
Haiti
6
Middle East and North Africa
6
Jordan
5
Vietnam
5
Brazil
5
Yemen
5
Burkina Faso
4
Malaysia
4
Zimbabwe
4
USA
4
Somalia
4
Turkey
3
China
3
West and Central Africa
3
Western Pacific Region
3
United Kingdom
3
Argentina
3
Angola
3
Tajikistan
2
Switzerland
2
Colombia
2
Benin
2
Togo
2
Cameroon
2
Senegal
2
Afghanistan
2
Burundi
2
Portugal
2
Spain
2
East and Southern Africa
2
Southern Africa
2
Papua New Guinea
2
Sri Lanka
2
Sudan
2
Palestine
2
Iraq
2
Mexico
1
Gambia
1
Chile
1
Iran
1
Canada
1
Fiji
1
Singapore
1
Laos
1
Peru
1
Mongolia
1
Saudi Arabia
1
Paraguay
1
Japan
1
France
1
Mauritius
1
South Korea
1
Moldova
1
Egypt
1
Greece
1
Georgia
1
Central African Republic
1
Libya
1
Ecuador
1
Eswatini/ Swaziland
1
Pakistan
1
Authors & Publishers
Publication Years
Category
COVID-19
92
Capacity Building
82
Guidelines
76
Studies & Reports
57
Community Health
52
Policies
50
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
41
Drugs & Medical Equipment
41
Women & Child Health
38
General Guidelines
28
Maternal & Child Health
27
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
25
Humanitarian Aid
23
Humanitarian Crisis
23
Disabilities
20
Needs Assessment
18
Non-communicable Diseases
18
Disaster Preparedness
16
Food Security & Nutrition
13
Child Health
12
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
12
Child protection
12
Protection & Security
12
Statistics
11
WASH
11
Disease Prevention & Control
11
Key Resources
11
Community Health
10
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
10
Mental Health
10
Age & Elderly
10
Monitoring & Evaluation
9
Sexual Violence
9
Humanitarian Aid
9
Maternal Health
9
Water
9
Reproductive Health
9
Public Health
8
Countries
8
Surgery & Anaesthesia
8
Under-5 nutrition
7
General Guidelines
7
Cardiovascular Diseases
7
Training Manuals
7
Health Systems
7
Women & Child Health
7
Neonatal Care
7
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
7
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
6
Virology
6
Pediatrics
6
Diarrhoeal Disease/Cholera
6
Primary Health Care
6
Digital Health
5
Clinical Training
5
Bacteriology
5
Cancer
5
Public Health
5
Medical Devices & Equipment
5
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
5
Global Health
5
Hygiene Promotion
5
Communicable Diseases
4
Paediatrics
4
Family Planning
4
Schistosomiasis
4
IEC Material
4
Menstrual Hygiene Management
4
NCD
4
Demograhic Health Surveys DHS
4
Waste Management
4
Quality Control & Assurance
4
Neurology & Psychology
4
HIV & STI
4
Malaria
4
Sanitation
3
Diabetes
3
Online Courses & Platforms
3
x MEDBOX Issue Brief & Annual Reports x
3
Vector Control
3
Cervical Cancer
3
Snakebites
3
Health System Strengthening
3
Violence against Children
3
Palliative Care
3
Immunization
3
Leprosy
3
Fecal Disposal / Latrines
3
Laboratory Quality Assurance
3
TB
3
Radiology and Diagnostic
3
Dental & Eye Care
2
Hepatitis
2
Emergency Health Kits
2
Pharmacy & Technology
2
Hand Hygiene
2
Project Cycle Management
2
Gender
2
Neurology & Psychology
2
Laboratory Waste
2
Palliative Care
2
Sex. & Repr. Rights
2
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
2
Pharmaceutical Assessments
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Leprosy
2
Female Genital Mutilation
2
NTDs & Others
2
Nutrition
2
Pharmacy & Technologies
2
Trachoma
1
Taeniasis/ Cysticercosis
1
Onchocerciasis
1
Lymphaticfilariasis
1
Capacity Building
1
Planetary Health
1
Breast Cancer
1
Other Cancer diseases
1
Cancer Treatment & Resources
1
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
1
Maternal Health
1
Water & Sanitation
1
Mobile Training Tools & Apps
1
Yellow Fever
1
Other
1
Respiratory Infections
1
Parasitology
1
Leishmaniasis
1
Laboratory Technologies
1
Disabilities & Inclusion
1
Toolboxes
Country specific documents
59
For Parents & Children
34
For General Public & Community
27
Poster & Infographics
23
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
19
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
19
Reports & Studies
17
Communication Material
16
Children with Disabilities
15
Humanitarian Crisis
15
Children with disabilities
15
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
14
RCCE Guides & Manuals
14
Education
14
Training Manuals
13
Child Protection
13
Alcohol
12
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
12
Psychosocial Support
12
Fair Allocation & Ethical Aspects
12
Lobby and Advocacy
12
Children & Adolescents
11
Infection Control General
11
Children & Mental Health
11
Community Health Workers CHW
11
Community-based Mental Health Care
11
MHPSS Guidelines
11
Eastern Europe and central Asia
11
General Mental Health Guidelines
10
Climate & Health
10
Protection of Vulnerable Groups
10
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
10
Tips & Best Practice Examples
10
Handbooks & Manuals
10
others
10
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
10
Substance Use Disorders, Others
9
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
9
For Migrants & Refugees
9
Educational Settings
9
Coping with Stress
9
Training & Capacity Building
9
Best Practice Models
8
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
8
Child Health / Pediatrics
8
Mental Health Guidelines
8
Manuals
8
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
8
Guidelines
8
MHPSS – Psychosocial Support
8
Humanitarian Crisis
8
Assistive devices & technologies
8
Self-harm & Suicide
8
Psychosocial Support
8
Treatment Guidelines
7
Assessment & Studies
7
IPC
7
Children
7
Policies
7
Wheelchair Service and Management
7
IEC Materials
7
Diagnostics & Laboratory Guidance
7
Training, others
7
Mythbusters/Misinformation
7
Community Health
7
Planetary Health
7
Essential Medicines
7
Neurological Disorders
7
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
7
Assessment & Response
7
Roadmaps, Action Plans & Policies
7
Testing Guidelines
7
War & Conflict
6
Disability Rights & Convention
6
Outbreak Prevention & Control
6
Intellectual Disability
6
Policies & Programmes
6
Inclusion
6
Public Health
6
Mental Health
6
Training
6
Laboratory & Sampling
6
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
6
Laboratory
6
Clinical Guidelines
6
Prevention & Preparedness
6
For Health Worker
6
Human Rights
6
For Older People
6
Others
6
Midwives
6
Nurses
6
Traditional & Herbal Medicines
6
Women & Maternal Health
6
Health Worker
6
Hearing Loss & Deafness
6
Autism
6
Assessment & Response
6
War, Conflict Areas & Refugees
6
Capacity Building
6
General Reports
5
Laboratory Guidance
5
Communication & Training
5
Assessment & Response
5
mhGAP Guides
5
Cholera Prevention & Control
5
Training Material
5
Human Rights
5
Sustainable Development Goals
5
Toolkit on disability for Africa
5
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
5
Information Material &Training
5
Video & Audio
5
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
5
Resource Platforms others
5
At Home
5
Access & Strategy
5
Vaccine Hesitancy & Myths
5
Stress
5
Climate Change General
5
Pediatrics
5
Mental Disorders
5
Health Impact & Climate Change
5
Protection
5
Vision Loss & Blindness
5
WASH
5
Ebola Prevention & Control
4
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
4
Human Rights, Stigma & Discrimination
4
Interculturality
4
Social Mobilisation
4
Curricula & Core Competencies
4
General Studies & Reports
4
Global
4
Health & Refugee
4
Discrimination & Stigma
4
Training Supporting Material mhGAP
4
IEC Material Mental Disorders
4
Universal Health Coverage UHC and 90-90-90 Strategy
4
Supporting tools
4
Context & Facts, Travel Advice
4
COVID-19
4
Faith-based Organizations
4
For People with Disabilities
4
Camps and Camp-like Settings
4
Information for the Public
4
Physical Distancing
4
Stigmatisation
4
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
4
Waste Management
4
Health Promotion
4
Urban health
4
Mobility
4
Pharmacy Management
4
Rational use of Medicine
4
Guiding documents and principles
4
Waste Managment
4
Studies & Reports
4
Access to treatment and laboratory
4
Clinical Guidelines
4
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP), Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
4
Asia and Pacific
4
CBM Inclusive Project Cycle Management Training
4
Situation Reports & Updates
4
Mental Health
4
Disaster Preparedness & Prevention
4
Zika Prevention & Control
4
Infection Control
4
HIV in Key Populations
4
Food & Nutrition
4
Preparedness & Prevention
4
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
3
Communication & Training
3
Global Mental Health
3
Background PTSD in children
3
Inclusion
3
Treatment & Prevention
3
Country specific
3
Surgery & Rehabilitation
3
Natural Disasters
3
For Project Management
3
Influenza
3
Concepts of Global Health
3
Shelter & Reconstruction
3
Communication & Training
3
HIV
3
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
3
Adherence
3
Cholera
3
Epilepsy
3
IEC Substance Use Disorders
3
Communication & Training
3
Gender Aspects
3
Workplace
3
Child Protection
3
HIV and COVID-19
3
Oxygen Therapy
3
Essential Medicines & Medical Devices
3
Children & Mental Health
3
Others
3
Studies & Reports
3
Advocacy & Communication
3
Overview & reports
3
Clean air
3
Pharmacy Practice
3
Supply Chain & Store Management
3
Agriculture incl. animal husbandry
3
Infectious Diseases
3
Heat
3
Humanitarian Aid Guidelines
3
Health Financing Toolbox
3
Prevention & Strategies
3
Information & Education Material (IEC)
3
Asia
3
Children's Rights
3
Human Rights & the Right to Health
3
Malnutrition
3
Mental disorders, others
3
IEC
3
Policy
3
Modules
3
Dengue Prevention & Control
3
Reproductive Health
3
Health Care Systems
3
International
3
Anxiety Disorders
3
Psychosocial Support
3
Reports & Studies Children HIV
3
Refugees & Migrants
3
Urban Health
3
Communication & Training
3
Gender Aspects
2
Natural Disaster
2
ART Drug Resistance
2
Male Circumcision
2
HIV in Children and mental health
2
Advocacy
2
TB & Drug Abuse
2
Accessibility
2
Agriculture & Veterinary
2
Posttraumatic stress disorder Adults
2
Surveillance
2
Vector Control
2
Prevention & Control
2
Influenza Prevention & Control
2
Vaccination
2
Mental Health
2
Diagnosis & Treatment PTSD in Children
2
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
2
Introduction to Global Health
2
WASH
2
Schizophrenia
2
Infection Control
2
HIV testing & disclosure
2
Eating Disorders
2
Refugee
2
Social Worker
2
Laboratory
2
Sexually Transmitted Infections
2
Diabetes
2
Videos & Online Courses
2
Africa
2
Stigma & Discrimination
2
Others
2
Standard Precautions
2
Country Guidelines
2
Communication
2
Mental Health Online Resources
2
Situation Reports & Updates
2
Cannabis
2
Treatment Guidelines
2
Risk Communication
2
Online Courses & Resources
2
Clinical Aspects
2
Public Health
2
Hand Hygiene
2
COVID-19 Information
2
Comics
2
Prison & Detention
2
Food and Nutrition
2
Option for the Poor
2
Paediatrics
2
COVID-19
2
COVID-19
2
General
2
Mental Health
2
COVID-19 Vaccination
2
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)
2
TB/HIV
2
COVAX Initiative
2
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
2
Patient care
2
Hygiene
2
Internet Resources
2
Self-care
2
Extreme Situations
2
Estonia
2
Guidelines General
2
Food environments
2
Essential Medicines & Devices Lists
2
Prices and Patents
2
Pharmaceutical Assessments
2
Strategies
2
HIV &TB
2
Cancer
2
Epilepsy
2
Guidelines & Manuals
2
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
2
Others
2
Ethics
2
Appeals & Response Plans
2
Studies & Reports
2
Resource Platforms
2
Capacity Building & Resources
2
Patient Safety
2
General Information & Methodology
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
2
Studies & Reports
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis
2
Studies & Reports
2
Global Overview
2
Language Teaching
2
War Surgery & Wound Care
2
Conflict
2
Cerebral Palsy
2
Bipolar Affective Disorders
2
General
2
Disease Prevention & Control
2
IEC Material Children
2
Diarrhoea
2
Assessment & Response
2
IEC Material Children HIV
2
IEC Materials Children
2
Stewardship
2
Latin America & the Carribean
2
General Public
2
HIV / AIDS
2
Public Health Administration
2
Videos
2
Others
2
HIV service delivery
2
Stigma
2
Best Practice Examples
2
Cholera
2
Orientation Guides
2
Antiretroviral Treatment ART
2
TB
2
Epidemiology
2
Universal Health Coverage & Primary Health Care
2
SEAR (South-east Asia Region)
2
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
2
Plague Prevention & Control
2
Apps
2
Treatment & Clinical Management
2
Africa
1
Public Health
1
Communication & Social Mobilisation
1
Violence & Child Trafficking
1
Behaviour Change/Life Skill Education
1
Policies & Strategies
1
Integration
1
Biosafety
1
Surveillance
1
HIV testing & services
1
Inclusion in Humanitarian Settings
1
Training
1
Faith-based Organizations
1
Chemical Attacks
1
Europe
1
For General Public
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Cancer
1
Early Warning
1
Adults
1
Asthma & COPD
1
Drugs / Medicines / Pharmacy
1
Ukraine
1
Information for Refugees & Migrants
1
Opportunistic Infections
1
Plague
1
Prevention Guidelines
1
Measures ICF/ Model Disability Survey
1
Latin America
1
Public Health
1
Training Manuals
1
Stroke
1
Diverse Chemical Substances
1
Eastern Europe
1
Surveillance
1
Germany
1
Men who have sex with men (MSM)
1
Cholera
1
Studies & Reports
1
People who injecting Drugs
1
Ebola & Marburg
1
African Region
1
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
1
e-Learning
1
Syria
1
Advocacy
1
Health Equity & Equality
1
Clinical aspects
1
Priority Assistive Products
1
Public Health
1
Training
1
Women's Mental Health
1
Psychosocial Support
1
Medical professionals
1
Reports
1
Sex Worker
1
Topics
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Health Personnel
1
General
1
COVID-19
1
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
1
Mental Health & Psychosocial Support
1
Surveillance & Contact tracing
1
For Pregnant Women
1
Advice for Different Audiences
1
Country Specific
1
COVID-19
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
Principles of Solidarity
1
Sustainability
1
Children
1
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS)
1
Encyclical Letters
1
Health Care Professionals & Spirituality
1
Pastoral Care
1
Medical & Community Masks
1
Infographics for Health Worker
1
Blood Supply
1
COVID-19 Simulation Exercise Training
1
Vaccination & Strategy
1
Vaccine Candidates & Research
1
Immunization Guidelines
1
Long-term Care Facilities
1
Ebola Treatment Center
1
Logistics & Supply
1
Genomic sequencing
1
SARS-CoV-2 Variants
1
COVID-19 Vaccination Information
1
Caregiver
1
Hand Hygiene
1
Online Courses
1
Ethics
1
Palliative Care
1
Pocket Cards
1
Resources Kreyol Earthquake Haiti
1
Biodiversity shift
1
Advocacy
1
Agriculture
1
Green & healthy living
1
Model Formulary
1
Quality Assurance
1
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
1
Resuscitation
1
Intensive Care Unit
1
Surgery
1
Biogeochemical flows
1
Online courses
1
Resource platforms
1
General Guidelines for Rational Use
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
1
Zoonoses
1
General
1
Education Principles
1
WASH Water Sanitation & Hygiene
1
Water Pollution
1
Information, Resources & Websites
1
General
1
Emergency health kits
1
More Clinical Guidelines on Palliative Care
1
MPOX - Monkeypox
1
Best Practice Examples
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Disability Prevention & Rehabilitation
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Overview, Studies & Reports
1
Onchocerciasis
1
Earthquake in Türkiye and the Syrian Arab Republic
1
Awareness
1
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Studies & Reports
1
Information & Education Material (IEC)
1
Prevention & Strategies
1
Air Pollution
1
Detection & Diagnosis
1
Diagnosis
1
Community Based Rebabilitation (CBR)
1
Drug resistant TB
1
General
1
Bioterrorism
1
Contact Tracing
1
Zika
1
Technical Information
1
Ghana
1
Policies & Strategies
1
Community Worker
1
TB & Prisoners
1
Miscellaneous
1
For Community Health Workers
1
Global Health Education
1
Education of students & professionals
1
Prevention of Disabilites
1
Disability (CBR)
1
Uganda
1
Assessment
1
TB/HIV Coinfection
1
Assessment Tools
1
Chikungunya Prevention & Control
1
Tobacco
1
Global Health Institutions and Stakeholders
1
Typhoon
1
Going abroad
1
WASH
1
Best Pratice Examples
1
Communication Tools
1
Learning Disabilities
1
South-east Asia Region
1
Radiological & Nuclear Hazards
1
Laboratory
1
Paediatrics
1
Context & Facts
1
Key Resources
1
Preparedness & Prevention
1
Global Health Financing
1
Chikungunya
1
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors
1
Depression
1
Global Health Action
1
Meningitis & Encephalitis
1
Heart and Cardiovascular Diseases
1
Volunteers
1
Country Specific Information
1
Public Health
1
Public Health
1
Reproductive Health
1
Global Health Ethics
1
Vaccination
1
Community-based health care, including outreach and campaigns,in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
recommended
The COVID-19 pandemic is challenging health systems across the world. Rapidly increasing demand for care of people with COVID-19 is compounded by fear, misinformation and limitations on the movement of people and supplies that disrupt the delivery of frontline health care for all people...
This g...
Basic psychosocial support skills are at the core of any Mental Health and PsychosocialSupport (MHPSS) intervention. Such skills are also indispensable for many others involvedin the COVID-19 response, whether they identify as an MHPSS provider or not. Thus, this guide is meant for all COVID-19 resp...
Several countries affected by COVID-19, have seen increases in levels of violence occurring in the home, including violence against children, intimate partner violence and violence against older people. Countries also face increasing challenges in maintaining support and care for survivors of violen...
The outbreak of COVID-19 comes with unpredictable primary and secondary impacts on vulnerable and food-insecure populations across the world. Mortality and morbidity appear to be most acute for elderly people, and those with underlying health conditions. At the same time, the widely anti...
Heat is the top killer among all types of weather hazards, including hurricanes and tornadoes. But hospitals and health care providers do not always report heat-related illnesses or heat as an underlying cause of a death, making it hard to measure the actual impact of extreme heat on health.
The purpose of this document is to provide information to Red Cross Red Crescent staff and volunteers on how to engage with, inform and support older people to support older people in facing new challenges linked to COVID-19.
In March 2020 the IASC Reference Group on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support uniting 57 humanitarian organizations as member issued the Interim Briefing Note Addressing Mental Health and Psychosocial Aspects of COVID-19 Outbreak. This document has proven to be very useful in the response and has...
Prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment are essential for the control and elimination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a public health problem. Currently, in Latin America and the Caribbean, treatment for gonorrhea infection is largely empiric and based on clinical diagnosis. In the Americas...
This Interim Guidance outlines how key public health and social measures needed to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread and the impact of the disease can be adapted for use in low capacity and humanitarian settings. The recommendations outlined here need to be adjusted to the scale of transmission, co...
Practical actions in cities to strengthen preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond
recommended
This document accompanies the interim guidance on “Strengthening Preparedness for COVID-19 in cities and urban settings”. It provides local authorities, leaders and policy-makers in cities with a checklist tool to ensure that key areas have been covered. An excel version that local authorities m...
This guide focuses on three main areas: how to support a person whose condition warrants home care because of non-severe symptoms and home care is recommended by local jurisdictions; how to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the home; and how to provide emotional support to family members. While this...
MEDBOX Issue Brief No. 4
Policy brief, 24 July 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected older people disproportionately, especially those living in long-term care facilities. In many countries, evidence shows that more than 40% of COVID-19 related deaths have been linked to long-term care facilities, with figures being as h...
Ce guide rassemble des documents existants liés à la santé mentale et au soutien psychosocial (MHPSS) relatifs à la crise du COVID-19, ainsi que d'autres ressources applicables au contexte. Il est divisé en différentes sections en fonction des « espaces de nouvelle vulnérabilité » inhéren...
As daily lives and communities are upended by COVID-19, concern is mounting that children’s exposure to violence may increase. Children with a history of abuse may find themselves even more vulnerable – both at home and online – and may experience more frequent and severe acts of violence. Oth...
Guide for clinical case management and infection prevention and control during ameasles outbreak. This guide has been developed to reduce the high morbidity and mortality seen in some of the current outbreaks of measles. This short guide outlines practical clinical care interventions and is derived ...
This manual will aid in building the capacity of nurses with clinical knowledge of the unique needs, complex health problems, common geriatric syndromes, and principles of care of older people. It will also enable them to acquire the skills necessary to perform an in-depth multidimensional geriatric...
This document outlines why and how nurses and midwives are important, not only for individual health optimization but also to achieve the thematic priorities of For the Future. More specifically, it provides case studies to showcase the amazing work that nurses and midwives across the Region are doi...
second edition
Included more self-measured blood pressure (SMBP)-focused content with tools and resources.
Showcased more tools to find patients with potentially undiagnosed HTN.
Added new strategies that focus on chronic kidney disease testing and identification.
