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Advanced HIV disease (defined in persons living with HIV with a CD4 cell count of <200cells/mm3 or presenting with a WHO Stage 3/4 AIDS-defining illness) poses a challenge to many countries globally and is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity among people living with HIV. In 2017, WHO recommended a packa
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ge of care for the prevention and management of advanced HIV disease. The package was composed of screening tests, diagnostics, prophylaxis, rapid antiretroviral therarpy initiation and enhanced adherence counselling.
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This document provides detailed guidance on laboratory testing for suspected diphtheria cases during significant outbreaks or in low-resource settings. It aims to supplement and build on other existing WHO guidance documents on surveillance standards, diagnostics and research on Corynebacterium by p
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roviding key considerations for laboratories that allow the rationalization and optimization of testing during outbreaks. The recommendations given here have been prepared by WHO in consultation with, and reviewed by, global experts with experience in laboratory analysis of Corynebacterium species and in outbreak settings, or with expertise in developing new technologies for diphtheria research and diagnosis. Unless otherwise stated, the considerations provided apply to diphtheria outbreaks caused by toxin-producing C. diphtheriae with a classical respiratory diphtheria presentation.
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This publication describes the history of malaria in Uzbekistan. It evaluates the policies and strategies applied after the re-establishment of local transmission to contain malaria outbreaks in the 1990s and early 2000s, and highlights the interventions subsequently used to eliminate malaria in the
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country. Uzbekistan was officially certified by WHO as a malaria-free country in 2018. Lessons for countries embarking upon elimination are distilled. The publication is intended for health managers and personnel, researchers, teachers, students and post-graduates at medical schools.
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Las escuelas juegan un papel fundamental a la hora de crear entornos seguros y enriquecedores que aseguren a los estudiantes los cimientos para desarrollarse, aprender y convertirse en ciudadanos sanos, instruidos y comprometidos
De juin jusqu’en fin du mois de novembre 2023, le Tchad a été le pays africain le plus affecté par le conflit armé au Soudan, accueillant 47,9 % des réfugiés Soudanais. Ces derniers, ainsi que des retournés Tchadiens, sont arrivés dans les provinces du Ouaddaï, Sila, Wadi-Fira et de l’E
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nnedi- Est. Au 26 novembre 2023, les provinces de l'est dénombraient un total de 451 894 réfugiés soudanais (dont 51,2 % sont à Adré, épicentre de la crise) et 99 513 retournés tchadiens depuis le début du conflit. On dénombre également 4 296 blessés pris en charge avec le soutien de MSF-France, PUI, Alima, la Croix-Rouge et une Équipe Médicale d'Urgence Internationale déployée par l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS).
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Overview
Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) is an evidence-based group psychological intervention to help 10–15-year-olds affected by internalizing problems (e.g. stress and symptoms of anxiety, depression) in communities exposed to adversity. Published by the World
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Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), EASE aims to support adolescents and their caregivers with skills to reduce distress. The intervention consists of 7 group sessions for adolescents and 3 additional group sessions for their caregivers. It is based on adapted aspects from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and has been designed to be suitable for delivery by trained and supervised non-specialist helpers.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is impacting our health, economies and development. Up to 5.2 million people may die because of resistant bacterial infections across the Western Pacific Region from 2020-2030. Childbirth, surgery, cancer treatme
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nt and other interventions will become impossibly dangerous if bacterial infections no longer respond to available antibiotics.
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Food inspection is crucial for ensuring food safety, using risk-based approaches to target high-risk products and businesses. This guidance aids national authorities in designing and implementing risk-based systems, offering step-by-step instructions, examples, and tools for prioritization and inspe
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ction frequency estimation. It emphasizes adapting to individual country needs and recognizing variations in food risks and production chain characteristics. The document underscores resource-efficient, risk-based food inspection systems, prioritizing high-risk products and businesses to prevent safety incidents proactively. It suggests designing models based on relevant information and periodically adjusting them for continuous improvement.
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Laboratory manual for yellow fever
recommended
This WHO laboratory manual provides the most up to date methods and procedures for the laboratory identification of yellow fever virus infection in humans. It provides guidance on the establishment and maintenance of an effective laboratory providing routine surveillance testing for yellow fever, wh
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ich operates within the WHO coordinated Global Yellow Fever Laboratory Network (GYFLaN) capable of providing confirmation of yellow fever infection reliably and timely. This second edition supersedes the first edition of the 2004 WHO manual for the monitoring of yellow fever virus infection.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) released its first-ever report on the devastating global impact of high blood pressure, along with recommendations on the ways to win the race against this silent killer. The report shows approximately 4 out of ev
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ery 5 people with hypertension are not adequately treated, but if countries can scale up coverage, 76 million deaths could be averted between 2023 and 2050.
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WHO has published the first-ever guidance on the clinical management of diphtheria. The only previously available guidance was an operational protocol. The new guidance followed the rigorous process for developing guidance at WHO.
It addresses the use of Diphtheria Antitoxin (DAT) in the treatmen
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t of diphtheria. There is a worldwide shortage of DAT and evidence based recommendations on the use of DAT were requested by many Member States.
The guidance also includes new recommendations on antibiotics. In patients with suspected or confirmed diphtheria, WHO recommends using macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, erythromycin) rather than penicillin antibiotics.
This clinical practice guideline has been rapidly developed recognizing the global increase in diphtheria outbreaks. Outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria, Guinea and neighbouring countries in 2023 have highlighted the urgent need for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of diphtheria. Given the sporadic nature of outbreaks, many clinicians in the affected regions have never managed acute diphtheria and its related complications. Diphtheria remains a neglected disease and vaccination is the top priority. At the same time, for patients with diphtheria, access to antibiotics, DAT and supportive care can be lifesaving.
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The ERF provides WHO staff with essential guidance on how the Organization manages the assessment, grading and response to public health events and emergencies with health consequences, in support o
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f Member States and affected communities. The ERF adopts an all-hazards approach and it is therefore applicable in all acute public health events and emergencies.
This version (2024) of the WHO ERF has been developed following extensive consultation across the three levels of the Organization and response experiences over the last five years of emergency response. Key areas have been updated to improve the accountability, predictability, timeliness and effectiveness of WHO’s response to emergencies.
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A sanitary inspection is a simple, on-site evaluation (traditionally using a checklist) to help identify and support the management of priority risk factors that may lead to contamination of a drinking-water supply. Sanitary inspections are a well-established and widely-applied practice. They can su
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pport water safety planning, and in some contexts, may be a simplified alternative to water safety plans.
This publication presents the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) sanitary inspection packages. These packages update the sanitary inspection forms in WHO’s 1997 Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Volume 3: surveillance and control of community supplies. With more than 25 years of practical experience with the application of sanitary inspections, these packages have been developed from a comprehensive evidence review and established good practices.
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Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium species, mostly by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae and rarely by toxin-producing strains of C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. The most common type of diphtheria is classic respiratory diphtheria, whereby the exotoxin produced characteristicall
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y causes the formation of a pseudomembrane in the upper respiratory tract and damages other organs, usually the myocardium and peripheral nerves. Acute respiratory obstruction, acute systemic toxicity, myocarditis and neurologic complications are the usual causes of death. The infection can also affect the skin (cutaneous diphtheria). More rarely, it can affect mucous membranes at other non-respiratory sites, such as genitalia and conjunctiva.
C. diphtheriae is transmitted from person to person by intimate respiratory and direct contact; in contrast, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis are zoonotic infections, not transmitted person-to-person. The incubation period of C. diphtheriae is two to five days (range 1– 10 days). A person is infectious as long as virulent bacteria are present in respiratory secretions, usually two weeks without antibiotics, and seldom more than six weeks. In rare cases, chronic carriers may shed organisms for six months or more. Skin lesions are often chronic and infectious for longer periods. Effective antibiotic therapy (penicillin or erythromycin) promptly terminates shedding in about one or two days.
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Small drinking-water supplies commonly experience operational, managerial, technical and resourcing challenges that impact their ability to deliver safe and reliable services. The needs and opportunities associated with these supplies therefore warrant explicit consideration in policies and regulati
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ons.
These Guidelines, specifically tailored to small water supplies, build on over 60 years of guidance by the World Health Organization (WHO) on drinking-water quality and safety. They focus on establishing drinking-water quality regulations and standards that are health based and context appropriate; on proactively managing risks through water safety planning and sanitary inspections; and on carrying out independent surveillance. The guidance is intended primarily for decision-makers at national and subnational levels with responsibility for developing regulatory frameworks and support programmes related to these activities. Other stakeholders involved in water service provision will also benefit from the guidance in this document.
Designed to be practical and accessible, these Guidelines offer clear guidance that is rooted in the principle of progressive improvement. State-of-the-art recommendations and implementation guidance are provided, drawn from a comprehensive evidence review and established good practices. Additionally, case examples are provided from countries and areas around the world to demonstrate how the guidance in this publication has been implemented in practice in a wide variety of contexts.
Together with WHO’s 2024 Sanitary inspection packages – a supporting tool for the Guidelines for drinking-water quality: small water supplies, these Guidelines update and supersede WHO’s 1997 Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Volume 3: surveillance and control of community supplies. Key changes to this updated publication include a greater focus on preventive risk management and a broader range of small water supplies covered, including those managed by households, communities and professional entities.
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The Guidelines for drinking-water quality: small water supplies have been developed to address the needs and opportunities associated with small supplies to facilitate progressive improvement towards safe and sustainable drinking-water services for all. These Guidelines are based on the principal re
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commendation in the World Health Organization’s Guidelines for drinking-water quality, and they provide guidance on applying that recommendation to small water supplies in particular. These Guidelines aim to help governments and practitioners improve the safety of drinking-water delivered through small supplies.
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Ces Directives sur la qualité de l’eau de boisson : petits approvisionnements en eau ont été élaborées pour aborder les besoins et les possibilités associés aux petits approvisionnements afin de favoriser l’amélioration progressive vers des services d’alimentation en eau de boisson sû
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rs et durables pour tous. Ces directives se fondent sur la principale recommandation des Directives de qualité pour l’eau de boisson de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé ; elles visent à fournir des orientations concernant l’application de cette recommandation aux petits approvisionnements en eau en particulier. Ces directives visent à aider les gouvernements et les praticiens à améliorer la sécurité sanitaire de l’eau de boisson fournie par de petits approvisionnements.
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Las Guías para la calidad del agua de consumo humano: pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento de agua se han elaborado para tratar las necesidades y oportunidades asociadas a los pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento, con el fin de facilitar la mejora progresiva hacia unos servicios seguros y sostenibl
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es de agua de consumo humano para todas las personas. Estas Guías se basan en la recomendación principal de las Guías para la calidad del agua de consumo humano de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y proporcionan orientación sobre la aplicación de esas recomendaciones a los pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento de agua en particular. El objetivo de estas Guías consiste en ayudar a los gobiernos y a los profesionales a mejorar la seguridad del agua de consumo humano suministrada a través de pequeños sistemas de abastecimiento.
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Настоящее «Руководство по обеспечению качества питьевой воды: маломасштабные системы водоснабжения» было разработано для удовлетворения потребностей и использ
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вания возможностей, связанных с маломасштабными системами водоснабжения, в целях содействия постоянному совершенствованию системы устойчивого снабжения всего населения безопасной питьевой водой. Настоящее Руководство основано на главной рекомендации Руководства по обеспечению качества питьевой воды Всемирной организации здравоохранения и содержит руководящие указания в отношении выполнения этой рекомендации, в частности применительно к маломасштабным системам водоснабжения. Настоящее Руководство призвано помочь правительствам и отрасли повысить безопасность питьевой воды, доставляемой маломасштабными системами водоснабжения.
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وقد وُضعت هذه الإرشادات المعنونة "إرشادات بشأن مياه الشرب: إمدادات المياه الصغيرة" لتناول الاحتياجات والفرص المرتبطة
بإمدادات المياه الصغيرة وتيسير التحسين التد
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ريجي نحو خدمات مياه شرب آمنة ومستدامة للجميع.
تستند هذه الإرشادات إلى التوصية الرئيسية الواردة في إرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية بشأن جودة مياه الشرب وتوفّر إرشادات حول تطبيق هذه التوصية على إمدادات المياه صغيرة الحجم على وجه الخصوص.
تهدف هذه الإرشادات إلى مساعدة الحكومات والممارسين على تحسين سلامة مياه الشرب المقدمة من خلال الإمدادات الصغيرة.
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