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Cardiovascular diseases in Africa in the twenty-first century: Gaps and priorities going forward

Minja, N.W.; Nakagaayi, D.; Aliku, T. et al. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (2022) CC

In 2015, the United Nations set important targets to reduce premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths by 33% by 2030. Africa disproportionately bears the brunt of CVD burden and has one of the highest risks of dying from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. There is currently an epide...miological transition on the continent, where NCDs is projected to outpace communicable diseases within the current decade. Unchecked increases in CVD risk factors have contributed to the growing burden of three major CVDs—hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and atherosclerotic diseasesleading to devastating rates of stroke and heart failure. The highest age standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to hypertensive heart disease (HHD) were recorded in Africa. The contributory causes of heart failure are changing—whilst HHD and cardiomyopathies still dominate, ischemic heart disease is rapidly becoming a significant contributor, whilst rheumatic heart disease (RHD) has shown a gradual decline. In a continent where health systems are traditionally geared toward addressing communicable diseases, several gaps exist to adequately meet the growing demand imposed by CVDs. Among these, high-quality research to inform interventions, underfunded health systems with high out-of-pocket costs, limited accessibility and affordability of essential medicines, CVD preventive services, and skill shortages. Overall, the African continent progress toward a third reduction in premature mortality come 2030 is lagging behind. More can be done in the arena of effective policy implementation for risk factor reduction and CVD prevention, increasing health financing and focusing on strengthening primary health care services for prevention and treatment of CVDs, whilst ensuring availability and affordability of quality medicines. Further, investing in systematic country data collection and research outputs will improve the accuracy of the burden of disease data and inform policy adoption on interventions. This review summarizes the current CVD burden, important gaps in cardiovascular medicine in Africa, and further highlights priority areas where efforts could be intensified in the next decade with potential to improve the current rate of progress toward achieving a 33% reduction in CVD mortality. more

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How-To Guide: Managing Post-Disaster (Re)-Construction Projects

Emergency Operations and Emergency Response Team Catholic Relief Services (2011)

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Regional Economic Prospects Report (September 2022): A Cold Winter Ahead? - Confronting the energy crunch

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Reliefweb OCHA Services (2022) C2

EBRD expects Ukraine’s economy to contract by nearly a third in 2022 - EBRD continues to expect Ukraine’s economy to shrink by 30 per cent in 2022 - Bank lowers 2023 GDP growth forecast from 25 per cent to 8 per cent - EBRD Regional Economic Prospects (REP) report highlights war-induced uncer... more

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Namibia: National Public Health Laboratory Policy

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2012) C1

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Namibia: Disability Etiquette / Courtesies

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2010)

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Nambia: NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR MEDICINES SAFETY SURVEILLANCE

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2011) C2

Therapeutics Information and Pharmacovigilance Centre | TIPC

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Coping With Stress During Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA (2020) C1

When you hear, read, or watch news about an outbreak of an infectious disease such as Ebola, you may feel anxious and show signs of stress—even when the outbreak affects people far from where you live and you are at low or no risk of getting sick. These signs of stress are normal, and may be more ... more