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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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Activités de l'OMS dans la Région africaine 2016-2017

Organisation mondiale de la Santé , Bureau régional de l’Afrique (OMSAFRO) (2017) C_WHO

Rapport biennal de la directrice régionale

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Élimination sans risques des déchets

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (1998)

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Disability in the South-East Asia Region

World Health Organization (WHO) (2013) C_WHO

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Les soins infirmiers périopératoires

Ordre des infirmieres et infirmiers du Quebec (2014) CC

Le document Lignes directrices pour les activités des infirmières en salle d’opération fait suite à ces engagements. Le rôle de l’infirmière, qui y est présenté, couvre l’ensemble du continuum de soins périopératoires. Il comprend la fonction de coordination clinique qui vise à ass... more

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The Deprivation of Human Rights Experienced African Children with Disabilities

Rebecca Markham & Anna Wiltshire University of Bristol (2014) C2

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Management of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disability in an African Setting

Maroufou Jules Alao, Blaise Ayivi and Didier Lacombe (2012) CC

Chapter 2 in "Latest Findings in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research" Edited by Üner Tan, ISBN 978-953-307-865-6, 404 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published February 15, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license | Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities presents reports on a wide rang... more

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Evaluation finale du projet Sécurisation et Élimination des Pesticides Obsolètes au Bénin

Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Bureau de l'Évaluation (2016) C1

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The Union - Treat TB

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease; USAID (2017)

Accessed November 2017

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Quick Reference Information – Radiation

Radiation Emergency Assistance CenterTraining Site (REAC (2015) C1

Quick information on facts and expressions about radiation in alphabetical order

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Philippines: Persons with Disabilities - Department of Health website

Department of Health (DOH), Republic of the Philippines (2019) C1

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The Washington Group Short Set on Functioning (WG -SS)

Washington Group on Disability Statistics (2017) CC

WG Implementation Guidelines Tool2

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Rapid assessment of disability in the Philippines: understanding prevalence, well-being, and access to the community for people with disabilities to inform the W-DARE project

Manjula Marella, Alexandra Devine, Graeme Ferdinand Armecin et al. Population Health Metrics (2016) CC

BioMed Central DOI 10.1186/s12963-016-0096-y

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Prevalence of disability in Manikganj district of Bangladesh: results from a large-scale cross-sectional survey

Moniruzzaman, M.; M Mostafa Zaman; S. Rahman Mashreky, et al. (2016) CC

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Zimbabwe: Living Conditions Among Persons with Disability Survey - KEY FINDINGS REPORT

Ministry of Health and Child Care & UNICEF (2015)

Living Conditions Among Persons with Disability Survey Report

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Building the Evidence Base in Disability Research Summary

International Centre for Evidence in Disability (ICED) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (2014) C2

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Measuring disability in surveys and programmes : a summary

International Centre for Evidence in Disability; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, et al. (2014) C1

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Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health - ICF

World Health Organization (WHO) (2002) C_WHO

ICF is WHO's framework for health and disability. It is the conceptual basis for the definition, measurement and policy formulations for health and disability. It is a universal classification of disability and health for use in health and health related sectors. ICF therefore looks like a simple he... more

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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Human Rights based research into COVID-19 related violations with focus on persons with disabilities

Malawi Human Rights Commission (2021) CC

The goal of the study was to assess the feasibility of the COVID-19 measures and their resultant impact on Persons with Disabilities in Malawi. Specifically, the study addressed the following objectives: a) To evaluate Government’s response to COVID-19 following the adoption of the new measures... more