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Estimates of aid for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: findings from application of the Muskoka2 method, 2002–17

Dingle, A.; Schäferhoff, M.; Borghi, J. et al. The Lancet (2020) CC

Background Four methods have previously been used to track aid for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH). At a meeting of donors and stakeholders in May, 2018, a single, agreed method was requested to produce accurate, predictable, transparent, and up-to-date estimates that coul...d be used for analyses from both donor and recipient perspectives. Muskoka2 was developed to meet these needs. We describe Muskoka2 and present estimates of levels and trends in aid for RMNCH in 2002–17, with a focus on the latest estimates for 2017. Methods Muskoka2 is an automated algorithm that generates disaggregated estimates of aid for reproductive health, maternal and newborn health, and child health at the global, donor, and recipient-country levels. We applied Muskoka2 to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Creditor Reporting System (CRS) aid activities database to generate estimates of RMNCH disbursements in 2002–17. The percentage of disbursements that benefit RMNCH was determined using CRS purpose codes for all donors except Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; the UN Population Fund; and UNICEF; for which fixed percentages of aid were considered to benefit RMNCH. We analysed funding by donor for the 20 largest donors, by recipient-country income group, and by recipient for the 16 countries with the greatest RMNCH need, defined as the countries with the worst levels in 2015 on each of seven health indicators. Findings After 3 years of stagnation, reported aid for RMNCH reached $15·9 billion in 2017, the highest amount ever reported. Among donors reporting in both 2016 and 2017, aid increased by 10% ($1·4 billion) to $15·4 billion between 2016 and 2017. Child health received almost half of RMNCH disbursements in 2017 (46%, $7·4 billion), followed by reproductive health (34%, $5·4 billion), and maternal and newborn health (19%, $3·1 billion). The USA ($5·8 billion) and the UK ($1·6 billion) were the largest bilateral donors, disbursing 46% of all RMNCH funding in 2017 (including shares of their core contributions to multilaterals). The Global Fund and Gavi were the largest multilateral donors, disbursing $1·7 billion and $1·5 billion, respectively, for RMNCH from their core budgets. The proportion of aid for RMNCH received by low-income countries increased from 31% in 2002 to 52% in 2017. Nigeria received 7% ($1·1 billion) of all aid for RMNCH in 2017, followed by Ethiopia (6%, $876 million), Kenya (5%, $754 million), and Tanzania (5%, $751 million). Interpretation Muskoka2 retains the speed, transparency, and donor buy-in of the G8's previous Muskoka approach and incorporates eight innovations to improve precision. Although aid for RMNCH increased in 2017, low-income and middle-income countries still experience substantial funding gaps and threats to future funding. Maternal and newborn health receives considerably less funding than reproductive health or child health, which is a persistent issue requiring urgent attention. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health. more

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National spending on health by source for 184 countries between 2013 and 2040

Dieleman, J.; Templin, T.; Sadat, N. et al. (2016) CC

A general consensus exists that as a country develops economically, health spending per capita rises and the share of that spending that is prepaid through government or private mechanisms also rises. However, the speed and magnitude of these changes vary substantially across countries, even at simi...lar levels of development. In this study, we use past trends and relationships to estimate future health spending, disaggregated by the source of those funds, to identify the financing trajectories that are likely to occur if current policies and trajectories evolve as expected. Methods We extracted data from WHO's Health Spending Observatory and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Financing Global Health 2015 report. We converted these data to a common purchasing power-adjusted and inflation-adjusted currency. We used a series of ensemble models and observed empirical norms to estimate future government out-of-pocket private prepaid health spending and development assistance for health. We aggregated each country's estimates to generate total health spending from 2013 to 2040 for 184 countries. We compared these estimates with each other and internationally recognised benchmarks. Findings Global spending on health is expected to increase from US$7·83 trillion in 2013 to $18·28 (uncertainty interval 14·42–22·24) trillion in 2040 (in 2010 purchasing power parity-adjusted dollars). We expect per-capita health spending to increase annually by 2·7% (1·9–3·4) in high-income countries, 3·4% (2·4–4·2) in upper-middle-income countries, 3·0% (2·3–3·6) in lower-middle-income countries, and 2·4% (1·6–3·1) in low-income countries. Given the gaps in current health spending, these rates provide no evidence of increasing parity in health spending. In 1995 and 2015, low-income countries spent $0·03 for every dollar spent in high-income countries, even after adjusting for purchasing power, and the same is projected for 2040. Most importantly, health spending in many low-income countries is expected to remain low. Estimates suggest that, by 2040, only one (3%) of 34 low-income countries and 36 (37%) of 98 middle-income countries will reach the Chatham House goal of 5% of gross domestic product consisting of government health spending. Interpretation Despite remarkable health gains, past health financing trends and relationships suggest that many low-income and lower-middle-income countries will not meet internationally set health spending targets and that spending gaps between low-income and high-income countries are unlikely to narrow unless substantive policy interventions occur. Although gains in health system efficiency can be used to make progress, current trends suggest that meaningful increases in health system resources will require concerted action. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. more

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Theory of Change

Nutrition and Food Security Alliance of Namibia; UNFPA; UNICEF; et al. (2020) CC2

Early Identification and Early Intervention Services for Young Children with Developmental Delays and Disabilities in Namibia Republic of Namibia Namibia Regional Consultations Report

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Tracking AMR Country Self Assessment Survey (TrACSS) 2022 Country Report Namibia

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO; UN environment programme; World Health Organization WHO; et al. (2022) C_WHO

Fact sheet

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Malaria “chemoprevention and vaccination strategies” for children living in endemic areas of Africa: a review

Nambatya, W.; M. Ocan, B. Robberstad , et al. (2025) CC

Front. Malar. 3:1336324. doi: 10.3389/fmala.2025.1336324

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Communiation Interpersonnelle pour la Vaccination: Cartes de Référence

UNICEF; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; CDC; et al. (2022) C_UNICEF

Les cartes de référence sur la communication interpersonnelle pour la vaccination ont été créées pour faciliter l’accès à l’information sur les vaccins et les maladies évitables par la vaccination. Ces cartes peuvent servir d’outils d’auto-apprentissage, de guides pour les conv... more

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Antimalarial drugs for treating and preventing malaria in pregnant and lactating women

Saito, M.; Gilder, M. E.; McGready, R. et al. (2018) C2

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG SAFETY 2018, VOL. 17, NO. 11, 1129–1144. Malaria during and after pregnancy contributes significantly to maternal mortality and adverse fetal outcomes. While effective and safe antimalarial treatments are essential, quinine — an older, less effective drug — has long bee... more

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Empfehlungen zur Malariaprophylaxe

Rothe, C.; O. Veit, D. Rosenbusch, et al. Georg Thieme Verlag KG (2024) CC2

Flugmedizin · Tropenmedizin · Reisemedizin - FTR 2024; 31(04): 165-206 DOI: 10.1055/a-2351-8414

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Preventive malaria treatment among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses

Cohee, LM.; C. Opondo, S. E Clarke, et al. (2020) C1

Lancet Glob Health 2020 Published Online October 22, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30325-9

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Identification and management of co-infections in people with malaria

Cunnington, A.; A. Abbara, F. Kaduni Bawa, et al. (2024) CC2

BMJ 2024 Mar 13:384:e077512. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077512. Co-infections in individuals with malaria are common, particularly in endemic areas, and can significantly impact disease severity and outcomes. Effective management requires prompt diagnosis of both malaria and any co-occurring infections,... more

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HIV-1 Impact on Malaria Transmission: A Complex and Relevant Global Health Concern

Roberds, A.; E. Ferraro, S. Luckhart, et al. (2021) CC2

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12 April 2021 Sec. Parasite and Host Volume 11 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.656938 Over the past several decades, malaria/HIV-1 co-infection has become a significant global public health problem in co-endemic areas of the world.

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The effect and control of malaria in pregnancy and lactating women in the Asia-Pacific region

Unger, H.W.; S. Acharya, L. Arnold, et al (2023) C1

Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11: e1805–18

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Audience Segmentation for Malaria

Moore, J.; A. Orji, G. Hunter, et al. John Hopkins Center for Communication Programs (2025) CC

This course is intended for use by social and behavior change (SBC) and service delivery professionals to encourage appropriate use of malaria tests and treatment by employing segmentation based on attitudes and behaviors of their intended audience(s).

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Current Developments in Malaria Vaccination: A Concise Review on Implementation, Challenges, and Future Directions

Sallam, M.; A.O.Al-Kathib, K.S.Al-Mazhoum, et al. Dove Press (2025) CC

Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications, 2025:17 29–47

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Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double- blind, randomised, phase 3 trial

Datoo, M.S.; A. Dicko, H.Tinto, et al. (2024) CC

Lancet 2024; 403: 533–44 R21/Matrix-M was well tolerated and offered high efficacy against clinical malaria in African children. This low-cost, high-efficacy vaccine is already licensed by several African countries, and recently received a WHO policy recommendation and prequalification, offerin... more

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Climate change: a hreat to malaria elimination. Is Asia Pacific prepared?

Malaria Consortium; Asia Pacific Leaders Malaria Alliance; TDR; et al. (2021) CC

Thematic brief. This brief highlights the link between climate change and VBDs in Asia Pacific. Using malaria to tell the narrative, it lists key actions that policymakers and the public health community can consider in addressing the impact of a changing climate on health. The brief also includes ... more

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Global, regional, and national burden of malaria, 1990–2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Zhang, S.-X.; G.B. Yung, J. Yung, et al. (2024) CC

Decoding Infection and Transmission Volume 2, 2024, 100030

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Mapping the global prevalence, incidence, and mortality of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria, 2000–22: a spatial and temporal modelling study

Weiss, D.J.; P.A. Dzianach, A. Saddler, et al. (2025) C1

The Lancet Volume 405, Issue 10483p979-990March 22, 2025

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Continuing malaria education modules: Module 1 Severe malaria—triage, diagnosis, and treatment

United States Agency for International Development USAID; U.S. President´s Malaria Initiative; Save the Children, et al. (2017) C1

The MalariaCare Toolkit. Tools for maintaining high-quality malaria case management services. Developed by MalariaCare, this module supports health supervisors in improving the management of severe malaria by providing focused, case-based learning and mentorship. It provides clinical supervisors w... more

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TACT trainer and trainee manuals and patient leaflet

ACT Consortium; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania); Clinical Officers in Hai Distrrict et al. (2025) CC

The TACT training manuals and patient leaflet were developed as part of the ACT Consortium's initiative to improve malaria case management by promoting the correct use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The TACT ("Targeting ACTs") initiative aims to ensure that artemisinin-based combination therapies... more