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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Philippines: General principles of vaccination adult

Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2011) C1

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Interim National Guidelines for Monkeypox Outbreak Response

Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Contro (2017) C2

This document provides information and recommendations for action, based on the current available knowledge around monkeypox. It is a first draft which will be updated in light of evolving evidence and additional information as they become available.

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Management and Control of Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and other highly contagious viral pathogens

European Network for Diagnostics of Imported Viral Diseases (2001) C1

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Africa CDC Event-based Surveillance Framework: interim version 2018

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Africa CDC (2018) CC

Event-based surveillance (EBS) is defined as the organized collection, monitoring, assessment and interpretation of mainly unstructured ad hoc information regarding health events or risks, which may represent an acute risk to health. Both indicator-based and event-based surveillance components serve... more

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Preparación y respuesta ante la eventual introducción del virus chikungunya en las Américas

Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011)

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Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas
recommended

Pan American Health Organization; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2011) C_WHO

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Guidance on the use of mpox vaccines. Revised edition

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2024) C_WHO

Smallpox eradication was certified in 1980. Mpox has been endemic in Central and West African countries since it was first detected in 1958 . It is a zoonosis; cases are often found close to tropical rainforests where various animals carry the orthopoxvirus that causes the disease. In endemic countr... more

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Climate change and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in North and central America

Forsyth, C.; N.I. Agudelo Higuita, S.A. Hamer, et al. (2024) CC

The Lancet Microbe Series Chagas Disease 2 Volume 5, Issue 10100946 October 2024

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Handbook For Integrated Vector Management

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO

The intention of this handbook on integrated vector management (IVM) is to provide guidance to the managers of vector-borne disease control programmes, including comparable officials in health and other sectors involved in vector-borne disease control. The target audience is managers and official... more

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The Case for the Digital Transformation of Circulatory Health

World Heart Federation (2020) CC

This paper explores the angles and opportunities of digital health, with a look at digital innovation and its potential to support patients with circulatory diseases. In reviewing developments in the field, current applications as well as gaps, the paper aims to support policymakers in leveraging ... more

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Non-conventional humanitarian interventions on Ebola outbreak crisis in West Africa

Tambo, Ernest (2014)

Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014, 3:42 http://www.idpjournal.com/content/3/1/42

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Vector surveillance and control at ports, airports, and ground crossings
recommended

World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

The purpose of this handbook is to provide guidance to Member States on the practical aspects of maintaining sanitary standards at international borders at ports, airports, and ground crossings (points of entry) as set out in the International Health Regulations (2005). It provides technical advice ... more

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Preventable Epilepsy: Taenia Solium Infection Burdens Economies, Societies and Individuals

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

Burden of T. solium: Neurocysticercosis is a disease induced by T. solium larvae penetrating human tissues, especially the nervous system. Neurocysticercosis burdens economies, societies and individuals because of the impact of epilepsy on wages, health costs and social stigmatization of sufferers. ... more

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Risk communication and community engagement readiness and response toolkit: mpox

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2024) C_WHO

This toolkit is a comprehensive set of practical tools and resources designed to support country-level risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) practitioners, decision-makers, and partners to plan and implement readiness and response activities for yellow fever outbreaks. The toolkit conta... more

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Guidelines for the Structure of Public Health Entomology Laboratories

Pan American Health Organization PAHO (2019) C_WHO

This document provides countries with recommendations for structuring a public health entomology laboratory network. The document will help countries to identify their areas of need and determine how the entomology network can be strengthened, especially in the context of a decentralized health syst... more

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Zero by 30: the global strategic plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030

World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) C_WHO

An estimated 59 000 people die from rabies each year. That’s one person every nine minutes of every day, 40% of whom are children living in Asia and Africa. As dog bites cause almost all human cases, we can prevent rabies deaths by increasing awareness, vaccinating dogs to prevent the disease at i... more

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Managing epidemics
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

Key facts about major deadly diseases.This manual provides concise and up-to-date knowledge on 15 infectious diseases that have the potential to become international threats, and tips on how to respond to each of them. You can download an interactive version directly at the website http://www.who.... more

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Collaboration entre le secteur WASH et le secteur de la santé
recommended

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (2019) C_WHO

GUIDE PRATIQUE À L’INTENTION DES PROGRAMMES DE LUTTE CONTRE LES MALADIES TROPICALES NÉGLIGÉES This toolkit provides step-by-step guidance to NTD programme managers and partners on how to engage and work collaboratively with the WASH community to improve delivery of water, sanitation and hygien... more

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Keeping the vector out: housing improvements for vector control and sustainable development

Kraef, C.; Röbbel, N. World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

Vector-borne diseases are responsible for 17% of the global burden of communicable diseases and more than 500 000 deaths annually. The ambitious global targets for the control of vector-borne diseases come in the context of the (re-)emergence of diseases, increasing resistances to insecticides and u... more

Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas recommended

Vector surveillance and control at ports, airports, and ground crossings recommended

Managing epidemics recommended

Collaboration entre le secteur WASH et le secteur de la santé recommended

Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas
recommended

Vector surveillance and control at ports, airports, and ground crossings
recommended

Managing epidemics
recommended

Collaboration entre le secteur WASH et le secteur de la santé
recommended