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Monkeypox outbreak: Resource toolkit for event organisers

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2022) C1

ummer is here and there are a lot of great opportunities for people to gather and enjoy themselves. Public health authorities are working together with event organisers and civil society organisations to reach out to people attending events, including at-r ... more

Evidence of the risks and benefits of vaccinating pregnant women with WHO pre-qualified cholera vaccines during mass campaigns

Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) World Health Organisation (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

The technical note from the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) examines the risks and benefits of vaccinating pregnant women with WHO-prequalified oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) during mass vaccination campaigns. It highlights that three WHO ... more

Operational considerations for the provision of the HIV continuum of care

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2022) C1

This document provides an overview of key considerations for the provision of the HIV continuum of care in the context of displaced people from Ukraine in the EU/EEA. This document has two aims: firstly, to outline what is known of the Ukrainian HIV epidemic, and secondly, to use the HIV continuum o ... more

On Your Way to Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2022) CC2

If you’re interested in preventing type 2 diabetes, this guide can help you get started. Congratulations on taking the first step! By reading this, you’re already on your way. Prediabetes puts you on the road to possibly getting type 2 diabetes. Find out now, in less than 1 minute, if you may ha ... more

The Use of Oral Cholera Vaccines for International Workers and Travelers to and from Cholera - Affected Countries

Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) World Health Organisation (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

The technical note by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) discusses the use of Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCVs) for international workers and travelers in cholera-affected areas. It reviews the effectiveness of WHO-prequalified vaccines (Du ... more

Towards One Health preparedness: expert consultation 11–12 December 2017

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2018) CC

Climate change, increasing population densities, and intensified globalisation in trade, travel and migration are among the most important factors shaping the 21st century. Each impacts upon population health and the risk of infectious disease, part ... more

Algorithm for the management of contacts of probable or confirmed COVID-19 cases

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

This algorithm shows the main actions for contacts of probable or confirmed 2019-nCoV cases. Implementation may be modified depending on the risk assessment for individual cases and their contacts by public health authorities.

Cholera: General Information

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2023) C_CDC

The CDC's "About Cholera" webpage provides essential information on cholera, an intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It highlights that cholera is primarily spread through contaminated water and food, leading to severe diarrhea, dehydration, and potentially death if untreate ... more

Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ... is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

European standards of HIV prevention and care: module on HIV and co-morbidities

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2025) CC

The standards of care for HIV define the expected or desired quality of prevention, treatment, and care for people at risk of HIV acquisition or living with HIV. The standards are based on a scientific rationale, as well as the responsibilities of ... more

Implications of the Marburg virus disease outbreak in Rwanda for the EU/EEA, 2024

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ecdc) (2024) C_CDC

This threat assessment addresses the implications of the ongoing Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak in Rwanda for the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). MVD is a severe disease in humans and, although uncommon, it has the potential to cause epidemics with significant case fatality. ... more

State Epidemiological Fact Sheets – Volume 3, Northern, Central & Eastern Region

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) (2017) C1

Northern: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand
Central: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Eastern: Andaman & Nicobar, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal
This technical document consists of epidemiological ... more

HEPSA - health emergency preparedness self-assessment tool: User Guide

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2018) C1

ECDC launched the HEPSA (Health Emergency Preparedness Self-Assessment) tool, in order to support countries in improving their level of public health emergency preparedness. The tool is worksheet-based and is targeted at professionals in public health organisations responsible for emergency planning ... more

State Epidemiological Fact Sheets – Volume 1, North-East Region

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) (2017) C1

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura
This technical document consists of epidemiological profiles (fact-sheets) for States and districts based on information available from multiple data sources including the HIV Sentinel Surveillance (HSS) and the In ... more

COVID-19 in children and the role of school settings in COVID-19 transmission- first update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

23 Dec 2020. The aim of this document is to provide an update on the knowledge surrounding the role of children in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the role of schools in the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the experience in the EU from August–December, 2020. This document also addresses transmissio ... more

State Epidemiological Fact Sheets – Volume 2, West & South Regions

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) (2017) C1

West: Drada & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra
South: Andhra Pradesh & Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu
This technical document consists of epidemiological profiles (fact-sheets) for States and districts based on information available from multiple d ... more

Malaria contracted during travel: likely places of infection reported by travellers to the EU/EEA

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2025) CC

This ECDC overview summarises the number of travel-associated malaria cases reported in the EU/EEA in 2023. The cases are based on confirmed reports through the EpiPulse platform and only include infections acquired outside mainland Europe. The data show the number of cases and the infection rate pe ... more

Africa CDC Event-based Surveillance Framework: interim version 2018

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Africa CDC (2018) CC

Event-based surveillance (EBS) is defined as the organized collection, monitoring, assessment and interpretation of mainly unstructured ad hoc information regarding health events or risks, which may represent an acute risk to health. Both indicator- ... more

2nd International Conference on Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Scientific Report

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Africa CDC (2019) C_CDC

In 2007, WHO warned that infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging at a rate that has not been seen before. The potential for infectious diseases to spread rapidly results in high morbidity and mortality, causing a potential global public health treat of major concern. Several factors are ... more

The Critical Role of Community Health Workers in COVID-19 Vaccine Roll Out
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) CC

Since the emergence of COVID 19 in December 2019, various public health responses measures have been implemented to control the pandemic. Among measures taken by the Africa CDC was the launch of PACT initiative to accelerate COVID 19 testing. Key to ... more