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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2024) CC

Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People ... more

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African Union AMR Landmark Report: Voicing African Priorities on the Active Pandemic

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a leading cause of death in the African region, surpassing fatalities from malaria, HIV, and TB. In response to this critical threat, the region has adopted the AMR Global Action Plan and the African Union Framework for Antimicrobial Resistance Control 2... more

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Structure de surveillance basée sur les événements

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

Le cadre de surveillance basé sur les événements est destiné à être utilisé par les autorités et les agences responsables de la surveillance et de l'intervention. Ce cadre sert de cadre pour guider les parties prenantes intéressées par la mise en œuvre de la surveillance basée sur le... more

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Africa CDC Event-based Surveillance Resources - Arabic Version

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

ي الغرض من إطار عمل إجراءات المراقبة القائمة عىل األحداث هو أن به ن تستعي السلطات والوكاالت المسؤولة عن المراقبة ُ واالستجابة. كما تيب إرشال تعىل سبيل المثال؛ هذ...ه الوثيقة ألصحاب المصلحة ي ُ ُعد بمثابة ك ا عاما ي إطار استخدام ي الذين يرغبون ف ن نهج "صحة واحدة" متعدد القطاعات لتنفيذ المراقبة القائمة عىل األحداث . و للقيام بذلك، تشتمل الوثيقة عىل فصول وملحق ن مرتبطة ويمكن للمستخدمي تغييها وتحديثها بناء عىل احتياجاتهم الخاصة. ُعد هذه الت ي وت نسخة منقحة من النسخة األصلية "إطار عمل المراقبة القائمة عىل األحداث" عام ي ن صدرت ف 2018 .و ال ينسخ إطار العمل هذا أو يحل محل أي مواد أخرى متاحة حاليا في ما يتعلق بمج ال المراقبة القائمة عىل األحداث أن ن ؛ وبدال من ذلك، ينبعي يستند إطار العمل إل الوثائق الموجودة سابقا ذات الصلة أو مرتبطة وأن يكون تيب ُ ك ا إرشاديا عملي ا لتنفيذ المراقبة القائمة عىل األحداث أفريقيا. ي ن ف ويتوافق إطار العمل ك لمنظمة الصحة العالمية المشي ي هذا مع الطبعة الثالثة من التقييم الخارج فيما يتعلق ر بالمؤشات التالية: تعزيز ي عىل كشف األحداث ذات األهمية للصحة العامة واألمن الصح أنظمة المراقبة و اإلنذار المبكر القادر ة ر المؤش ) حسنة والتعاون عي القطاعات وبين 1.D2)؛ مستويات استجابة الصحة العمومية الوطنية والمتوسطة ُ وقنوات االتصال الم العامة واألمن الصح والمحلية فيما يتعلق بمراقبة األحداث ذات األهمية للصحة ي ر )المؤش ن 2.D2)؛ القدرة عىل وتحسي تحليل ن البيانات عىل المستوى المتوسط والوطت ي ر )المؤش رش 3.D2 .)باإلضافة إل وع الدول تنفيذ و ي ن ف عرض مهام ووظائف المراقبة القائمة عىل األحداث إذ ، اللوائح الصحية ي درجات التقييم المشي ك وإحراز تقدم نحو تلبية المتطلبات المبينة ف ن ي ستضمن زيادة ف ن الدولية . تحسين أيضا، تنفيذ المراقبة المتكاملة لألمراض واالستجابة لها، وذلك بالنسبة ي ن تعد هذه الوثيقة مكملة ويمكن أن تساعد ف ل لدول ا ي االتحاد األفريق ي ن اعتمدت االسي األعضاء ف اتيجية المتكاملة لمراقبة األمراض واالستجابة لها، لت عىل وجه الخصوص ي بالنسبة للطبعة الثالثة ) 2019 تتضمن أجزاء حول ( الت المراقبة القائمة عىل األحداث ي . more

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Estrutura de vigilância baseada em evento

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

A Estrutura de Vigilância Baseada em Eventos deve ser usada por autoridades e agências responsáveis pela vigilância e resposta. Essa estrutura serve como um esboço para orientar as partes interessadas em implementar a vigilância baseada em eventos (EBS) usando uma abordagem multissetorial ... more

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Guidance for the continuation of essential health services during COVID-19 pandemic

Africa CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) CC

This document provides guidance for African Union Member States on actions to be taken to ensure they continue to meet all the health needs of their citizens in accordance with achieving the objectives of the Africa Health Strategy 2016 – 2030.

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Guidance on easing lockdown

Africa CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) CC

In response to the first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported on the continent, many African Union Member States implemented large-scale public health and social measures (PHSM) rapidly. These measures were aimed at reducing transmission and the number of new cases being reported, p... more

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Outbreaks response in Africa: Joint Mpox Continental Activity Report

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2025) CC

During the reporting period, significant progress was made in strengthening the mpox response across the continent. The lessons learned and challenges identified during the joint mpox continental intra-action review (IAR), which took place successfully in December 2024 in Addis Ababa have guided the... more

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Continental Framework on Strengthening Mortality Surveillance Systems in Africa

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

The importance of robust mortality surveillance systems cannot be overstated in an era marked by increasing global health challenges where health threats loom large and population dynamics continue to evolve. Accurate and timely mortality data is essential for identifying trends and detecting emergi... more

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Cadre continental sur le renforcement des systèmes de surveillance de la mortalité en Afrique

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

L'importance de systèmes de surveillance de la mortalité robustes ne peut être surestimée à une époque marquée par des défis sanitaires mondiaux croissants, où les menaces sanitaires pèsent lourd et la dynamique des populations continue d'évoluer. Des données précises et opportunes sur ...la mortalité sont essentielles pour identifier les tendances et détecter les menaces émergentes pour la santé, évaluer l'impact des interventions et orienter les décisions politiques fondées sur des données probantes. Ce cadre décrit une approche holistique pour renforcer les systèmes de surveillance de routine de la mortalité, en tenant compte des facteurs contextuels uniques et des défis auxquels sont confrontés les pays africains. Il souligne l'importance d'établir des mécanismes de collecte de données efficaces, d'améliorer la qualité et l'exhaustivité des données et de promouvoir le partage des données et la collaboration entre les parties prenantes. De plus, le cadre reconnaît le rôle central de la technologie dans l'intégration des données provenant de sources de données fragmentées sur la mortalité. Il met en évidence le potentiel des méthodes innovantes de capture de données, des analyses avancées et des systèmes de notification en temps réel pour améliorer la précision, l'efficacité et l'actualité des données sur la mortalité. Le cadre continental de surveillance de la mortalité s'aligne sur la mission et l'objectif stratégique d'Africa CDC en servant d'élément fondamental dans le renforcement des systèmes de santé publique, l'amélioration des capacités et des capacités de surveillance des maladies, l'élaboration de politiques et d'interventions fondées sur des données probantes et la promotion de la collaboration et de la coordination entre les pays africains pour relever les défis sanitaires et améliorer les résultats sanitaires sur le continent. La mise en œuvre réussie de ce cadre nécessite un engagement collectif et des efforts concertés de la part des gouvernements, des établissements de santé et de la communauté internationale. Nous espérons que ce document servira de catalyseur pour un changement transformateur, permettant aux pays de mettre en place des systèmes de surveillance de la mortalité résilients qui protègent la santé publique, sauvent des vies et contribuent à la prise de décision fondée sur des données probantes. more

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Surveillance Mpox. Protocole de notification pour les états membres de l'union Africaine
recommended

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2024) CC

On 13 August 2024, the Africa Centres for Disease Control (Africa CDC) declared the multi-country mpox outbreak a public health emergency of continental security, with strong recommendations to improve surveillance and vaccine deployment in all AU Member States. On 14 August 2024, the WHO Director-G... more

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Troca de Informacao Sobre Saude Diretrizes e padrões

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

A aplicação da tecnologia digital de saúde está crescendo rapidamente na África, com o objetivo de melhorar a prestação de serviços de saúde e alcançar de forma mais eficaz comunidades remotas e carentes. A falta de diretrizes e padrões habilitadores em todo o continente, por outro ... more

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What are antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) C_CDC

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to the drugs designed to kill them. Anytime antibiotics are used, they can cause antibiotic resistance.

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Viruses or Bacteria: What’s got you sick?

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) C_CDC

Antibiotics are only needed for treating certain infections caused by bacteria. Viral illnesses cannot be treated with antibiotics. When an antibiotic is not prescribed, ask your healthcare professional for tips on how to relieve symptoms and feel better.

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Declaração sobre o Uso de Dexametasona nos Pacientes gravemente com Doenças da COVID-19

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C1

Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) está ciente dos comunicados de imprensa sobre os resultados preliminares de um grande ensaio clínico aleatório realizado no Reino Unido, que incluía dexametasona, um corticosteróide, como um dos medicamentos utilizados para o tratam... more

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The Interconnected Threat of Antibiotic Resistance

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) C_CDC

Resistance happens when germs (bacteria and fungi) defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Any antibiotic use—in people, animals, or crops—can lead to resistance. Resistant germs are a One Health problem—they can spread between people, animals, and the environment.

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Strategies for Managing Acute Shortages of PPE during the COVID-19 Pandemic
recommended

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease , African CDC (2021) CC

24 Nov. 2021; This guidance provides considerations and a series of options that can be used to inform country strategies to minimise risk associated with shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE). Re-use and reprocessing of single use PPE must be a last-resort temporary measure that is impl... more

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Union Africaine Échange d'Information Sur La Santé Lignes Directrices et Normes

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

L'application de la technologie de santé numérique se développe rapidement en Afrique, dans le but d'améliorer la prestation des services de santé et d'atteindre plus efficacement les communautés éloignées et mal desservies. D'autre part, l'absence de lignes directrices et de normes da... more

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Statement on the Efficacy of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) against the SARS-CoV-2 Variants
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) C1

On the 9 February 2021, Africa CDC convened a special session of the Africa Task Force for COVID-19 to review existing data and evidence and recommend

Surveillance Mpox. Protocole de notification pour les états membres de l'union Africaine recommended

Strategies for Managing Acute Shortages of PPE during the COVID-19 Pandemic recommended

Statement on the Efficacy of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) against the SARS-CoV-2 Variants recommended

Surveillance Mpox. Protocole de notification pour les états membres de l'union Africaine
recommended

Strategies for Managing Acute Shortages of PPE during the COVID-19 Pandemic
recommended

Statement on the Efficacy of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) against the SARS-CoV-2 Variants
recommended