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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Namibia 2012/13 Health Accounts Report

Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia (2015) C1

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Nodding syndrome and epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic regions: comparing preliminary observations from South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo with data from Uganda

R. Colebunders, A. Hendy, J.L. Mokili, et al. (2016) CC

BMC Res Notes (2016) 9:182 DOI 10.1186/s13104-016-1993-7

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WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis - Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

The Updated guidelines on Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents include new recommendations that cover diagnostic approaches for TB, shorter treatment for children with non-severe drug-susceptible TB, a new option for the treatment of TB meningitis, the use of bedaquiline and delama... more

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Health Technology MANUAL: Improving the Integrated Management of Chronic Diseases at the First Level of Health Care Services

Pan American Health Organization PAHO; World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

Care for persons with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a major health priority for most countries worldwide, particularly for low-middle income countries where the problem seems to be worsening. Globally,... more

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Line probe assays for detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis: interpretation and reporting manual for laboratory staff and clinicians

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

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Manuel pour l'utilisation des technologies numeriques a l'appui du respect du traitment contre la tuberculose.

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (2017) C_WHO

Une application importante de la santé numérique dans les soins aux patients atteints de tuberculose est le soutien qu'elle peut apporter à l'observance du traitement. Les programmes de lutte contre la tuberculose utilisent déjà le service de messages courts (SMS), le traitement assisté par v... more

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Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness). The Road to Elimination Revisited—Achievements and Remaining Challenges

Burri, E. MDPI (2020) CC

Printed Edition pdf

External Link

Efficacy of isoniazid prophylactic therapy in prevention of tuberculosis in children: a meta–analysis

J. Ayieko, L. Abuogi, B. Simchowitz, et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2014) CC

Research Article BMC Infectious Diseases 2014, 14:91/1471-2334/14/91

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Serious Childhood Problemes in Countries Limited Resources

WHO (2004)

Background book on Management of the Child with a Serious Infection or Severe Malnutrition

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WHO Methodology for Point Prevalence Survey on Antibiotic Use in Hospitals

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

Version 1.1. The WHO protocol has been adapted to resource-limited settings and builds on existing methodologies from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the Global PPS project from University of Antwerp, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Med... more

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Childhood trauma: Discussion and policy solutions

Voices for Georgia´s Children Voices for Georgia´s Children (2004) C1

Our goal at Voices for Georgia’s Children is to help decision-makers craft and implement policies that ensure Georgia’s children grow up to be healthy, educated and productive citizens. To that end, we have developed a comprehensive policy agenda focused on early childhood, child health and disc... more

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COVID References top 10 Daily Science. Vol.2 16 October to 23 October 2020

Hoffmann, C.; B.S. Kamps (2020) CC

There is no secret to our procedure: the daily scanning of the literature helps us to stay afloat in the never-ending waves of new publications about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Many papers discussed in the Top 10 will eventually make it into subsequent editions of COVID Reference.

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Guide Africain de nephrologie pédiatrique

International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA) (2014) CC

La néphrologie pédiatrique (NP) a connu ces dernières années des progrès impressionnants en matière de soins. Cependant, le plus grand défi dans notre continent africain est de fournir aux enfants atteints de maladie rénale l’accès à une prise en charge spécialisée par des néphrologu... more

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Toolkit for assessing health-system capacity for crisis management. Part 1. User manual

World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe (2012)

Strengthening health-system emergency preparedness.

External Link

Urogenital Schistosomiasis among Schoolchildren and the Associated Risk Factors in Selected Rural Communities of Kwara State, Nigeria

Sundar, S.; Abdulkareem, B.; Habeeb, K. et al. (2018) CC

Urogenital schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease in many rural communities in African countries, with patches of infection in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Globally, an estimated 239 million people are currently infected, with burden estimated at more than 3.5 million disability... more

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BuDb: A Curated Drug Discovery Database for Buruli Ulcer

Kwofie, S.K.; et al. (2022) CC

Journal of Computational Biophysics and ChemistryVol. 22, No. 01, pp. 31-41 (2023)

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Buruli ulcer in Africa: Geographical distribution, ecology, risk factors, diagnosis, and indigenous plant treatment options - A comprehensive review

Osei-Owusu J.; Fordjour Aidoo O.; Eshu F. et al. Heliyon (2023) C2

Buruli ulcer (BU), a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is an infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The disease has been documented in many South American, Asian, and Western Pacific countries and is widespread throughout much of Africa, especially in West... more

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La crisis del sistema de salud colombiano: una aproximación desde la legitimidad y la regulación
recommended

Suárez-Rozo LF, Puerto-García S, Rodríguez-Moreno LM, Ramírez-Moreno Rev. Gerenc. Polit. Salud, Bogotá, Colombia (2017) C1

El objetivo fue determinar cuáles son las percepciones de distintos actores del sistema de salud colombiano sobre los problemas del sistema que están detrás de la crisis. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas y en profundidad con cuarenta agentes del sect... more

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Estimating mortality from COVID-19 - Scientific brief (4 August 2020)

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

For COVID-19, as for many infectious diseases, the true level of transmission is frequently underestimated because a substantial proportion of people with the infection are undetected either because they are asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms and thus typically fail to present at healthcare fac... more

WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis - Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents recommended

La crisis del sistema de salud colombiano: una aproximación desde la legitimidad y la regulación recommended

WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis - Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents
recommended

La crisis del sistema de salud colombiano: una aproximación desde la legitimidad y la regulación
recommended