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Action Protocol for Enhanced SARI and ILI Surveillance for COVID-19 in Africa

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C2

March 2020 The number of African Union Member States reporting COVID- 19 cases is increasing and there is a likelihood of community transmission. The WHO recently modified the COVID-19 suspect case definition to include severe acute respiratory infection and advises testing of all severe acute res... more

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Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An African perspective

Allwood, B.; Calligaro, G. South African Medical Journal (SAMJ) (2015) CC2

The article discusses the significant impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a global health issue, with cigarette smoking as the main risk factor. However, in developing countries, the causes of COPD are often multifactorial, involving environmental tobacco smoke, biomass fuel sm... more

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Asthma in South African adolescents: a time trend and risk factor analysis over two decades

Baard, C.B.; Franckling-Smith, Z.; Munro, J. et al. ERJ Open Research (2021) CC

The article "Asthma in South African adolescents: a time trend and risk factor analysis over two decades" investigates the prevalence and risk factors for asthma in Cape Town adolescents from 2002 to 2017. The study finds that while the overall prevalence of asthma remained similar, the severity of ... more

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Barriers and determinants of asthma control in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review

Mphahlele, R.E.; Kitchin, O.; Masekela, R. BMJ Open (2021) CC

The article "Barriers and determinants of asthma control in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review" analyzes factors contributing to poor asthma control in African youth. Based on studies conducted between 2014 and 2019 in Nigeria, Uganda, and South Africa, the review identifies key... more

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Cardiovascular Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Compared to High-Income Countries: An Epidemiological Perspective

Yuyun, M.F.; Sliwa, K.; Kengne, A.P. et al. Global Heart (2020) CC

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the second common cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounting for about 35% of all deaths, after a composite of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases. Despite prior perception of low NCDs mortality rates, current evidence suggests t... more

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South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Key Findings

Dept. of Health South Africa, The DHS Program, et al. (2019) CC

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Managing meningitis epidemics in Africa

World Health Organization WHO (2015) C_WHO

A quick reference guide for health authorities and health-care workers Revised 2015

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An estimate of the prevalence of epilepsy in Sub–Saharan Africa: A systematic analysis

Paul, A., Adeloye, D., George-Carey, et al. journal of Global health (2012) CC

www.jogh.org • doi: 10.7189/jogh.02.020405 ~ December 2012 • Vol. 2 No. 2 • 020405

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Guidance on Emergency Expedited Regulatory Authorisation and Access to COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) C1

Taking the whole of Africa approach to fighting the COVID-19 pandemic has and will continue to require coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders from across the continent. Africa CDC would like to acknowledge the deep partnership and continued support of AUDA-NEPAD, AVAREF, WHO AFRO, the Bill a... more

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Antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region: current status and roadmap for action

Essack S.Y., A.T. Desta, R.E. Abotsi et al. Journal of Public Health (2016) C2

The escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pandemic is a global public health threat with extensive health, economic and societal implications. Resistance emerges because of selection pressure from rational and indiscriminate antimicrobial use in human health as well as in the veterinary, agricul... more

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A toolkit for integrated vector management in sub-Saharan Africa

World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO

This toolkit for integrated vector management (IVM) is designed to help national and regional programme managers coordinate across sectors to design and run large IVM programmes.
The toolkit provides the technical detail required to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate an IVM approach. IVM can... more

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West Africa - Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak - ECHO Daily Map | 17/07/2015
recommended

European Commission Humanitarian Aid department (2015)

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South Africa: Non-Communicable Diseases Profile 2014
recommended

World Health Organization (2014) C_WHO

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The Future of Central African Republic is Still at Risk

Oxfam (2018) C1

More than half of Central African Republic’s population is in need of urgent humanitarian aid – amidst chronic underfunding, persisting violence across the country and unsuccessful peace agreements. Donors must step up their commitments and meet their fair share responsibility of funding to stab... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Asthma morbidity in Africa: Is it time to act to achieve asthma care for all?

Thembelihle Hlophe, S.; Stolbrink, M.; Govender, K.; et al. (2023) CC2

As we approach World Asthma Day on the May 2, 2023, we reflect on the theme “ Asthma Care for All”. Prevalence of Asthma is increasing amongst children, adolescents and adults. Under-diagnosis, underutilization of inhaled corticosteroids, inaccessibility of treatment, and unaffordability of medi... more

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Africa CDC Event-based Surveillance Framework - Interim version

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) C1

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Zika Virus Risk Assessment in the WHO African region - A Technical Report

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

External Link

A systematic review of healthcare-associated infections in Africa: An antimicrobial resistance perspective

Emmanuel O. Irek, Adewale A. Amupitan, Temitope O. Obadare, Aaron O. Aboderin (2018) CC

African Journal of Laboratory Medicine | Vol 7, No 2 | a796 | 06 December 2018

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Africa CDC: cadre pour la surveillance basée sur les événements

Africa CDC (2018) C_CDC

La surveillance basée sur les événements est définie comme la collecte, le suivi, l'évaluation et l'interprétation organisés d'informations ponctuelles non structurées concernant des événements ou des risques de santé, qui peuvent représenter un risque aigu pour la santé. Les composant... more

West Africa - Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak - ECHO Daily Map | 17/07/2015 recommended

South Africa: Non-Communicable Diseases Profile 2014 recommended

West Africa - Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreak - ECHO Daily Map | 17/07/2015
recommended

South Africa: Non-Communicable Diseases Profile 2014
recommended