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Introduction Pharmacovigilance (PV) systems to monitor drug and vaccine safety are often inadequate in sub-Saharan
Africa. In Malawi, a PV enhancement initiative was introduced to address major barriers to PV.
Objective The objective of this initiative was to improve reporting of adverse events (A
...
Es) by strengthening passive safety
surveillance via PV training and mentoring of local PV stakeholders and healthcare providers (HCPs) at their own healthcare
facilities (HCFs).
Methods An 18-month PV training and mentoring programme was implemented in collaboration with national stakeholders,
and in partnership with the Ministry of Health, GSK and PATH. Two-day training was provided to Expanded Programme on
Immunisation coordinators, identified as responsible for AE reporting, and four National Regulatory Authority representa-
tives. Abridged PV training and mentoring were provided regularly to HCPs. Support was given in upgrading the national
PV system. Key performance indicators included the number of AEs reported, transmission of AE forms, completeness of
reports, serious AEs reported and timeliness of recording into VigiFlow.
Results In 18 months, 443 HCPs at 61 HCFs were trained. The number of reported AEs increased from 22 (January 2000 to
October 2016) to 228 (November 2016 to May 2018), enabling Malawi to become a member of the World Health Organization
Programme for International Drug Monitoring. Most (98%) AE report forms contained mandatory information on reporter,
event, patient and product, but under 1% were transmitted to the national PV office within 48 h.
Conclusion Regular PV training and mentoring of HCPs were effective in enhancing passive safety surveillance in Malawi,
but the transmission of reports to the national PV centre requires further improvement.
more
L’objectif des lignes directrices 2024 est de fournir des recommandations actualisées et fondées sur
des données probantes sur les principaux sujets prioritaires. Ceux-ci concernent notamment les critères élargis et simplifiés de mise sous traitement pour les adultes, mais aussi désormais
...
pour les adolescents, l’élargissement des critères d’éligibilité au traitement
antiviral prophylactique pour les femmes enceintes
afin de prévenir la transmission mère-enfant du VHB,
l’amélioration des tests de diagnostic de l’infection par le
VHB grâce à l’utilisation de tests de mesure de la charge
virale du VHB (ADN) sur le lieu de soins (“point-of-care
tests”) et d’approches réflexes pour la recherche de
l’ADN du VHB, et les critères pour déterminer à qui et
comment faire le test pour rechercher une infection par
le VHD.
more
The Global Leprosy Strategy 2021–2030 “Towards zero leprosy” was developed through a broad consultative process with all major stakeholders during 2019 and 2020. Valuable inputs were provided by national leprosy programme managers, technical agencies, public health and leprosy experts, funding
...
agencies and persons or members of communities directly affected by leprosy.
The Strategy aims to contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It is structured along four pillars:
(i) implement integrated, country-owned zero leprosy road maps in all endemic countries;
(ii) scale up leprosy prevention alongside integrated active case detection;
(iii) manage leprosy and its complications and prevent new disability; and
(iv) combat stigma and ensure human rights are respected. Interruption of transmission and elimination of disease are at the core of the Strategy.
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The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance on how to implement Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recommendations for malaria elimination at the local level. It is a streamlined, more operational version of the Manual for Stratifying Malaria Risk and Elimination of Foci, aimed primarily
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at operational teams working in the field. The content has been prioritized and the steps of the process organized to facilitate greater understanding by local teams. Adjustments have also been made to underscore its versatility for all malaria transmission scenarios in the Region of the Americas.
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En décembre 2022, la République démocratique du Congo a déclaré une flambée nationale de variole simienne. Un système de gestion des incidents est en place depuis février 2023, compte tenu du nombre croissant de cas signalés. Depuis septembre 2023, l’épidémie de variole simienne continu
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e de se propager dans la province du Sud-Kivu, ainsi que, plus récemment, dans la province voisine du Nord-Kivu, du fait de la transmission par contact sexuel
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Planning for public health emergencies should ensure that capabilities developed during previous emergencies are maintained, incorporated, and put into practice when a new event of public health concern arises. Investments in pandemic preparedness lead to more rapid detection and a stronger response
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to public health threats, thereby shielding communities from the debilitating social and economic effects of epidemics and pandemics. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recognizes the efforts of countries in the Region of the Americas to develop and/or strengthen their respiratory pathogen pandemic plans. PAHO supports planning activities with tools and expertise, aligning these efforts with the Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative. The PRET initiative is an innovative approach to improving disease pandemic preparedness. It recognizes that the same systems, capacities, knowledge, and tools can be leveraged and applied for groups of pathogens based on their mode of transmission (respiratory, vector-borne, foodborne etc.). The PRET initiative incorporates the latest tools and approaches for shared learning and collective action established during the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent public health emergencies.
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There has been a global outbreak of mpox since 2022; this outbreak has been caused by the strain of mpox virus called Clade 2 and has affected around 116 countries worldwide. The current surge in cases is being driven by the rapid spread of a different strain – Clade 1b – which is predominantly
...
affecting countries across the African region, particularly DRC, Burundi, Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda [1]. The guidance in this document applies to both Clades of mpox. WHO publishes a dashboard of updated cases globally here. Different Clades and Sub-Clades of mpox behave slightly differently to each other; WHO is monitoring for any significant differences between the Clades, including transmission routes. This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available on this issue.
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This threat assessment addresses the implications of the ongoing Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak in
Rwanda for the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). MVD is a severe disease in humans and,
although uncommon, it has the potential to cause epidemics with significant case fatality.
...
All recorded MVD
outbreaks to date have originated in Africa. MVD is not an airborne disease and is considered not to be
contagious before symptoms appear. Direct contact with the blood and other body fluids of infected people
and animals or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces and materials like clothing, bedding and medical
equipment is required for transmission. The risk of infection is minimised when proper infection prevention and
control precautions are strictly followed. There is no approved treatment or vaccine for MVD; however, several
pharmaceuticals and candidate MVD vaccines are under investigation.
more
The video titled "Ganemos tiempo: podría ser tuberculosis" (Let's save time: it could be tuberculosis) is part of a public health campaign aimed at raising awareness about tuberculosis (TB). It emphasizes the importance of early detection and timely treatment to combat the disease effectively. The
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video highlights common symptoms of TB, such as persistent cough, weight loss, and fever, and encourages individuals experiencing these signs to seek medical attention promptly. By doing so, it aims to reduce transmission rates and improve health outcomes.
more
WHO guideline on contact tracing
recommended
This practical guideline establishes definitions for “contact”, “contact person”, “contact tracing” and other associated concepts. It allows for improvement of contact tracing strategies and provides recommendations attempting to answer some, though not all, questions that arose during t
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he 2019 coronavirus pandemic and other outbreaks. The use of this guideline begins once people have been diagnosed and the potential for transmission exists. It is not, however, intended to assist with case investigation. The guideline empowers health workers, governments, and public health officials with the tools to implement effective contact tracing strategies.
more
Health communication has proven to play a crucial role in addressing diseases such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya, for which there are no definitive or easily accessible vaccines. In this context, this discipline becomes a fundamental tool to promote the change behavior and promote preventive pract
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ices that reduce the transmission of these diseases. By not having a definitive medical solution, accurate and timely information, effectively disseminated through educational campaigns, media and communication channels public health, can significantly influence individual and community actions to control the spread of these mosquito-borne viruses. The accumulated research around the threat of the aforementioned arboviral diseases brings together a series of recommendations around specific communication activities, such as disseminating timely and accurate information that integrates public health concerns and the needs of information of the population, especially vulnerable groups such as women of childbearing age, pregnant women and health workers.
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Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic infection caused by worms. It is most common in rural and impoverished populations. In the Americas, the parasite species is Schistosoma mansoni, which is associated with intestinal schistosomiasis. The main risk factor for infection is exposure through househo
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ld, work, or recreational activities in fresh water contaminated with faeces from infected humans. In the Region, for transmission to occur, Biomphalaria snails, the intermediate hosts of the parasite, must also be present in contaminated water. Children and adolescents are the populations most at risk
more
Mass population movements have accounted for the emergence of Chagas disease (CD) outside endemic regions,
including the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The parasite responsible for causing CD,
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), can be transmitted through substances of human origin (SoH
...
O), such as blood
transfusions and organ transplantations [1], posing a risk to the recipients. This, together with congenital
transmission, is of increasing concern in non-endemic countries
more
The Ministry of Health through the National AIDS Secretariat, has developed the Strategic Operational Plan for Condom Programming in Sierra Leone with a focus on reinvigorating condom use to ensure “uninterrupted access to male and female condoms and lubricants for Key Populations, young people an
...
d the general population.” Condom use in the country was estimated at 7 per cent and 23 per cent of women and men respectively who had sexual intercourse with non-regular partners. The primary goal of the strategic operational plan is to enhance access and utilization of male and female condoms, supporting national efforts to reduce the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, and unintended pregnancies, for all sexually active individuals.
more
La vidéo "Choléra - Questions & Réponses" de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) explique les aspects essentiels du choléra, une maladie diarrhéique aiguë causée par l'ingestion d'eau ou d'aliments contaminés par la bactérie Vibrio cholerae. Elle met en avant les principaux symptôme
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s, notamment une diarrhée aqueuse sévère, des vomissements et une déshydratation rapide, pouvant être mortelle sans traitement adéquat. La transmission se fait principalement par l’eau insalubre et les mauvaises conditions sanitaires. Pour prévenir la maladie, il est essentiel d'avoir accès à de l'eau potable, d'améliorer l'hygiène et l'assainissement, et d'utiliser la vaccination dans les zones à haut risque. En cas d'infection, la réhydratation orale ou intraveineuse est le traitement principal, tandis que les antibiotiques sont parfois administrés dans les cas graves. La vidéo insiste sur l'importance d'une intervention rapide et de mesures préventives pour limiter la propagation du choléra et protéger les populations à risque.
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The video "Cholera - Questions & Answers" by the World Health Organization (WHO) explains the essential aspects of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by ingesting water or food contaminated with the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. It highlights the main symptoms, including severe watery diarrhea,
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vomiting, and rapid dehydration, which can be fatal without proper treatment. Transmission occurs primarily through unsafe water and poor sanitation conditions. To prevent the disease, it is crucial to have access to clean drinking water, improve hygiene and sanitation, and use vaccination in high-risk areas. In case of infection, oral or intravenous rehydration is the primary treatment, while antibiotics are sometimes administered in severe cases. The video emphasizes the importance of rapid intervention and preventive measures to limit the spread of cholera and protect at-risk populations.
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The rapid assessment tool (RAT) is meant to assess health facilities within mpox-affected areas that have at least one inpatient bed. Depending on time and resources available, certain facilities may be prioritized during an mpox outbreak. The RAT evaluates 16 infection prevention and control (IPC)
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and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) criteria identified as the minimum essential elements required for safe patient care and prevention of transmission within the health facility during readiness or response activities for outbreaks of mpox.
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Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the environmental pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans that affects skin and soft tissue. It was first described in Australia in 1948 and has been reported in several sub-Saharan African countries since the late 19th century. The disease mainly affects children in rura
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l areas and causes lesions and ulcers that can lead to disability if not treated. Recent research has identified a toxin produced by M. ulcerans that may be responsible for the disease's pathogenesis. Efforts are ongoing to understand transmission and develop effective control strategies, including through training of medical professionals and increased detection and treatment of cases.
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In the 126 years since it was first described, scientists have learned a great deal about Buruli ulcer, (an ulcerating skin infection caused by the environmental bacterium, Mycobacterium ulcerans), including how to treat it. Yet, there is 1 question about this neglected tropical disease that has rem
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ained unanswered: how is M. ulcerans transmitted to humans? In southeastern Australia, where Buruli ulcer is endemic and cases are increasing, researchers are putting together the M. ulcerans transmission puzzle. The more they learn, the better equipped they will be for managing infections.
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Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis and leprosy: Exploring the One Health dimensions of three most prevalent mycobacterial diseases: A narrative review
Spiliopoulos O.; Solomos Z.; Puchner K.
Tropical Medicine & International Health Volume 29 Issue 8; August 2024
(2024)
C2
Although Buruli ulcer, tuberculosis, and leprosy are the three most common mycobacterial diseases, One Health dimensions of these infections remain poorly understood. This narrative review aims at exploring the scientific literature with respect to the presence of animal reservoir(s) and other envir
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onmental sources for the pathogens of these infections, their role in transmission to humans and the research on/practical implementation of One Health relevant control efforts.
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