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Financing global health security: estimating the costs of pandemic preparedness in Global Fund eligible countries

Eaneff S., Boyce M.R., Graeden E., et al. BMJ Global Health (2022) CC

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that the world was not well prepared to respond to an infectious disease threat of this magnitude. Countries across all socioeconomic and development categories have struggled to implement effective national responses. Substantial amounts of additional investmen... more

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Africa’s Health Financing in a New Era

Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (2025) CC

Africa’s health sector is facing an unprecedented financing crisis, driven by a sharp decline of 70% in Official Development Assistance (ODA) from 2021 to 2025 and deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities. This collapse is placing immense pressure on Africa’s already fragile health systems as ODA ...is seen as the backbone of critical health programs: pandemic preparedness, maternal and child health services, disease control programs are all at risk, threatening Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Universal Health Coverage. Compounding this is Africa’s spiraling debt, with countries expected to service USD 81 billion by 2025—surpassing anticipated external financing inflows—further eroding fiscal space for health investments. Level of domestic resources is low. TThe Abuja Declaration of 2001, a pivotal commitment made by African Union (AU) member states, aimed to reverse this trend by pledging to allocate at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector. However, more than two decades later, only three countries—Rwanda, Botswana, and Cabo Verde—have consistently met or exceeded this target (WHO, 2023). In contrast, over 30 AU member states remain well below the 10% benchmark, with some allocating as little as 5–7% of their national budgets to health. In addition, only 16 (29%) of African countries currently have updated versions of National Health Development Plan (NHDP) supported by a National Health Financing Plan (NHFP). These two documents play a critical role in driving internal resource mobilisation. At the same time, public health emergencies are surging, rising 41%—from 152 in 2022 to 213 in 2024—exposing severe under-resourcing of health infrastructure and workforce. Recurring outbreaks (Mpox, Ebola, cholera, measles, Marburg…) alongside effects of climate change and humanitarian crises in Eastern DRC, the Sahel, and Sudan, are overwhelming systems stretched by chronic underfunding. The situation is worsened by Africa’s heavy dependency with over 90% of vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics being externally sourced—leaving countries vulnerable to global supply chain shocks. Health worker shortages persist, with only 2.3 professionals per 1,000 people (below the WHO’s recommended 4.45), and fewer than 30% of systems are digitized, undermining disease surveillance and early warning. Without decisive action, Africa CDC projects the continent could reverse two decades of health progress, face 2 to 4 million additional preventable deaths annually, and a heightened risk of a pandemic emerging from within. Furthermore, 39 million more Africans could be pushed into poverty by 2030 due to intertwined health and economic shocks. This is not just a sectoral crisis—it is an existential threat to Africa’s political, social, and economic resilience, and global stability. In response, African leaders, under Africa CDC’s stewardship, are advancing a comprehensive three-pillar strategy centered on domestic resource mobilization, innovative financing, and blended finance. more

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Pregnancy management in the context of Zika virus. Interim Guidance. Updated May 2016
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

The aim of this document is to provide interim guidance for interventions to reduce the risk of maternal Zika virus infection and to manage potential complications during pregnancy. This guidance is based on the best available research evidence and covers areas prioritized by an international, multi... more

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Developing Global Health Programming

Evert, J.; P. Drain, and T. Hall (2014) CC

A Guidebook for Medical and Professional Schools, Second Edition. This book represents a significant step to engage health professions schools in addressing global health challenges

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How Do Community Health Workers Contribute to Better Nutrition in Nepal? (Presentation)

SPRING and APC USAID (2016) C1

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Uganda Malaria Operational Plan FY 2016

U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), CDC, USAID, et al. (2016) C_CDC

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Uganda Malaria Operational Plan FY 2017

U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), CDC, USAID, et al. (2017) C_CDC

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Rwanda: The National Health Research Agenda 2014-2018

Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2014) C2

This report outlines the Ministry of Health’s National Health Research Agenda in which it identifies research priorities in health. It will be implemented in the same time frame as the Health Sector Strategic Plain 2012-2018. The Ministry of Health being the implementing agency of this document, i... more

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Promoting Community Participation through Development of Community Level Risk Reduction Action Plans

Myanmar Red Cross Society (2013) C1

CBDRR Practice. Case Studies 4
No publication year indicated.

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Clinical Facility and Services Assessment Field Guide
recommended

USAID; Family Health International FHI (2007) C1

Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Improvement (QI). The guide provides general information on how to organize, implement and follow up on quality assurance/quality improvement clinical facility and service assessments. At the website you will find checklists intended to be used with the clinical fa... more

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Toward Resilience
recommended

Marilise Turnbull, Charlotte L. Sterrett, and Amy Hilleboe Practical Action Publishing Ltd, Catholic Relief Services (2013) C1

A Guide to Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

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Country Profile: Philippines Community Health Programs

Advancing Partners & Communities (APC) (2015) C1

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National HIV & AIDS Strategic Plan 2015-2020

Ministry of Health, Liberia USAID; Global Fund (2014) C_WHO

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Work and Employment of Persons with Disabilities in the Philippines

United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner (2012) C1

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The Cost of Integrated Community Case Management in Nguelemendouka and Doumé Districts, Cameroon

Management Sciences for Health (2014) C1

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National AIDS Commission of Liberia: 2015 Annual Report

National AIDS Commission of Liberia (2016) C1

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Climate Information For Public Health: A Curriculum For Best Practices

Laurence Cibrelus; Gilma Mantilla International Research Institute for Climate and Society (2011) C1

CIPH Curriculum for Best Practices. Putting Principles to Work

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Helping Traumatized Children Learn: A Report and Policy Agenda
recommended

Massachusetts Advocates for Children Sixth printing (2009) C1

"Helping Traumatized Children Learn is the result of an extraordinary collaboration among educators, parents, mental health professionals, community groups, and attorneys determined to help children experiencing the traumatic effects of exposure to family violence succeed in school."